جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « بار اقتصادی » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

despite the many benefits of dental implants, their cost remains a controversial issue. No study in Iran evaluated the costs and benefits of this treatment accurately, so the present study aimed to investigate the economic burden of implant surgery on the urban households of Ardabil province in 2021.

in this descriptive-analytical, cross-sectional study, the economic burden of implant surgery was estimated using the cost of illness method and human capital method. In this study, based on the content and purpose, the prevalence-based approach was used and a suitable checklist was prepared. The statistical population was patients referred to public and private centers providing dental services in Ardabil city. The sample size was calculated to be 160 people and a random sampling method was used for sampling. . Data analysis was done with SPSS version 21 software and Excel software.

The results of the investigation showed that the total cost of implant surgery per unit was (118680744 Rials), 82.11% of these costs were related to direct medical costs, 10.92% were related to non-medical direct costs, and 6.97% were related to indirect medical expenses. Also, the economic burden of implant surgery on Ardabil society was estimated at 71 trillion 467 billion 62 million 235 thousand 635 Rials.

Implant surgery imposes a huge cost on society, so by planning the essential preventive tooth decay strategy, the economic burden imposed by implant surgery on the society of Ardabil can be reduced in the future.

Pharmaceutical costs account for a major part of health-related costs, and the induced demand for medicine imposes a large financial and economic burden on individuals and the whole society. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to identify the factors effective in creating induced demand for medicine in Iran.

This study is based on grounded theory approach and it was conducted in 2022. The interview questions were semi-structured and asked by experts. The initial selection of the samples was based on targeted sampling from among experts and scholars in the field of medicine and treatment from all over the country. The snowball method was used to increase the sample volume until it reached sufficiency. This research was completed by interviewing 20 experts.

The key factors effective in creating induced demand were identified in the form of 4 themes, 8 categories and 31 subcategories. The extracted themes included social, structural-organizational, economic and beneficiary-related factors. Social factors included the categories of society's culture and pharmaceutical literacy, structural-organizational factors included the categories of regulatory mechanisms and educational and political factors, economic factors included the categories of payment and insurance systems, and finally the beneficiary-related factors included the categories of suppliers and demanders.

Based on the results of this study, several factors play a role in the creation of induced demand for medicine, and following these factors can help policymakers formulate appropriate strategies to reduce unnecessary medicine prescription.

Tooth decay directly and indirectly affects the national economy of some countries. These diseases reduce the number and productivity of the workforce. Medical expenses eat up savings and investments. All these factors reduce the earning power of individuals and households and affect the national economy, so an important part of the social and economic consequences of dental caries is the impact on savings at the household level and national income or gross domestic product at the national level.

The present study was descriptive, analytical and cross-sectional. The study sample was 260 6-year-old children and 260 adults who were referred to dental centers in 1401, and were randomly selected. The patients with tooth decay received services from the health and treatment centers of Ardabil city.

The total cost of dental services related to tooth decay in 6-year-old children of Ardabil city was equal to 22543323 rials for one tooth, of which 94.23% of these costs are related to direct medical costs, 2.2% to indirect medical costs and 3.57% is related to non-medical indirect costs. The total cost of dental services related to tooth decay in the adult population of Ardabil city was estimated as 3,227,897 rials for one tooth, of which 95.93% of costs are direct medical costs, 2.43% of costs are direct non-medical costs, and 1.65% of costs are indirect costs.

Considering the high prevalence of tooth decay in 6-year-old children and adults in Ardabil city, its treatment imposes a significant part of the costs on Ardabil households, and the limited supply of dental services in the public health sector and the lack of insurance support in paying the costs have caused that families often pay for private services out of their own pockets.

Air pollution is generally mixture of complex and toxic compounds that particles (Particulate Matter: PM) are always a part of this mixture, that exposure to them leads to a wide range of health effects. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the health effects of reducing the level of PM2.5 in Tehran during ten years (2017-2025) to the WHO recommended level based on the Breath Life campaign، using the WHO AirQ+ model.

after collecting data on the population and concentration of particles in 2017 from the relevant centers and performing calculations to reduce the concentration to ten micrograms per cubic meter (recommended by WHO) with Excel software، the attributed deaths were estimated by AIRQ+ software.

with a 30.8% decrease in the concentration of PM2.5 during 10 years، death with all causes 25.22%، death due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 9.97%، death due to lung cancer 49.29%، death due to acute lower respiratory infection 34.36%، death due to ischemic heart disease 22.26% and death due to stroke brain decreased by 25.09%.

based on the results, reducing the concentration of PM2.5 by achieving the goal of the Breathe Life Campaign (10) and using air quality reduction strategies, will lead to a significant reduction of premature deaths caused by PM2.5 in Tehran.

Head lice are obligatory human and animal ectoparasites that are considered one of the most important health problems around the world. The aim of this study was to estimate the economic burden associated with head louse infestation in Qom province using Activity Based Costing.

In a cross-sectional census study, all schoolchildren in census form Qom province were investigated for head lice infestations in the year 2018. Also, all individuals who had complained of head lice infestation were examined and the confirmed cases were entered to the study for evaluating of economic burden of head lice. The two financial soft wares (Azarakhsh and Roozamad) in Excel were used to costs analysis of government expenditures (direct and indirect costs) and out of pocket costs.

Economic burden of head lice infestation was estimated 14,985,409,572 rials (299,709$). The direct and indirect costs; governmental cost, out of pocket and total costs (governmental +out of pocket) of head lice infestation were included 157,337 rials (3.14$), 141,675 rials (2.84$), 299,012 rials (5.98$), 280,000 rials (5.60$) and 579,012 rials (11.58$) per case respectively.

Head lice infestation impose high costs on government healthcare systems, and in particular on households. Therefore, it is recommended that, while prioritizing lice-prevention programs, a larger share of the health care costs to pay by the government healthcare systems. It makes the out-of-pocket payments will be minimized.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) as a common disease in many tropical and subtropical countries has adverse economic consequences for patients and health care system. Some rural areas of Qom are considered as active foci of disease. This study was performed in order to evaluation of economic burden associated with CL in Qom, central Iran using Activity Based Costing.

In a cross-sectional study, data of 207 patients with CL based on laboratory diagnosis in the year 2018 were used to estimate the economic burden of the disease. Charts, frequency tables, and the financial softwares (Azarakhsh and Roozamad) in Excel were used to costs analysis.

The incidence of CL in Qom province was 16.02 per 100,000 people (207/1,292,000). Economic burden of the disease was estimated at 4,265,246,799 rials (85,387$). The average direct cost paid for each person with CL was 10,631,250 rials (212$) and indirect costs (overhead) for each person was about 9,653,807 rials (193$), the governmental cost per patient 20,285,057 rials (405$), direct out of pocket payments for each patient was around 320,000 rials (7$) and the total costs was estimated at 20,605,057 rials (412$) per patient.

Direct and indirect costs associated with diagnosis and treatment of CL disease may have a great impact on patients and health care system. So, it seems more cost effective to take preventive measures.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis is one of the most important vector-borne diseases that lead to adverse economic consequences. The aim of this study was to determine the economic burden of cutaneous leishmaniasis in endemic areas of this disease in Golestan province in 2015. This cross-sectional study was performed on 120 cutaneous leishmaniasis patients referred to health centers in Gonbad-e Kavus, Mraveh Tappeh and Kalaleh counties for treatment. Since extracted the economic burden of cutaneous leishmaniasis and the direct and indirect paid costs with patients and governmental systems with refer on the accounting documents and interviews with patients and experts and recorded in researcher-made forms. This information was entered to Excel (ver. 2010) software. Then, the economic burden of disease was evaluated. In total, more than 653/002/642 rails were spent for treatment of 120 patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis and the average total costs per patient was calculated 5/441/688 (95%CI: 4/867/252 – 6/016/932) rails. In this study, 42.93%, 19/77% and 37/3% of the costs were related to direct medical, direct non-medical and indirect costs paid with patients and governmental services, respectively. Cutaneous leishmaniasis impose heavy economic burden on households and governmental systems. Therefore, it is recommended that the prevention measures of the disease be taken in order to prevent the occurrence of the disease and ultimately lead to a reduction in the cost of treatment.

Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) do not cause premature death and has no definitive treatment. Thus, the life time cost of ASD is very high. Identification of the factors contributing to the cost of this disorder has a key role in its cost management. The purpose of this study was to investigate social factors affecting ASD costs. This descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted in Tehran, Iran, in 2017, by using a valid and reliable questionnaire. Social and economic factors contributing to ASD’s direct medical costs, direct non-medical costs, indirect costs of ASD were investigated. 290 ASD patients, were entered into the study. Using SPSS software, 21st version, appropriate statistical tests (Spearman and Pearson tests, independent T-test and ANOVA test) were used for data analysis. The mean total cost for an ASD patient was 223,561,841 Rials (6,883 $US). About 32%, 52% and 16% of the total costs were related to direct medical costs, direct non-medical costs, and indirect costs. ASD costs had statistically significant relationships with the patient age, gender, education, type of school, parents’ job, family income and health insurance. Autism imposes heavy costs on the patients and their families. Cost of ASD could be affected by social factors such as age, gender, education, health insurance, job and income. Therefore, health policy makers and health care managers must take special measures for prevention and control of this disorder, treatment, cost management and provision of social and economic support

Burn injuries cause severe devastating losses and early death. Care and treatment of burns patients is very costly. The purpose of this study was to calculate the economic burden of care and treatment of burn injuries in a hospital in Ahvaz, Iran. This descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out in 2015 in Taleghani Hospital, Ahvaz, Iran. A total of 315 patients participated in the study. Data was collected, using a valid and reliable questionnaire, through interviews with patients or their relatives on the day of discharge and examining their medical records. Data analysis was done using standard statistical tests and the SPSS (V.22) software. The mean total cost of care and treatment of an inpatient with burns was 117,071,803.00 Iranian Rials (equivalent to US$ 4,063.00), the mean daily cost being 8,501,946.00 Iranian Rials (equivalent to US$ 295.00). Direct medical costs, direct non-medical costs and indirect costs accounted for 94.1%, 1.4% and 4.5% of the total cost, respectively. The patients’ out-of-pocket payment was 7.7% of the total direct costs. Surgery, drug and diagnosis costs accounted for the largest fraction of the total treatment cost. The total cost of care and treatment of burns patients in the hospital is very high, imposed on patients, their relatives, government and health insurance companies. The government and insurance companies should provide financial protection to facilitate the process of care and treatment of burns patients.

cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of mortality around the whole world. However, there is limited information on its economic costs in Iran. The aim of this study was to evaluate the economic costs of coronary heart disease in Iran in 2014. The diseases costs were calculated based on the incidence approach using a bottom-up method and a community-oriented perspective. The drug cost information was obtained from angiographed patients (607 cases) in Shahid Modarres Hospital using simple random sampling method. Other information like disease incidence, distribution of patients, treatment patterns, length of stay and mortality rate was gathered from the literature, interview with patients, consultation with specialists, questionnaire, ministry of health and statistical center of Iran. Coronary heart diseases impose a significant economic burden in the range of 4,715 and 4,908 billion dollars (210,037,860,000,000-201,778,425,000,000 rials) upon Iran economic system. The medical costs and the costs of lost productivity due to premature death were calculated at USD 3.572 billion (152,863,740,000,000 rials) and USD 933 million (39,927,735,000,000 rials) respectively. The major part of medical costs was related to angioplasty costs (47%) and the minor part was related to drug costs (1.15%). Coronary heart diseases impose a lot of financial costs to Iran healthcare system which cover more than 16% of whole healthcare financial costs. It is possible to streamline all consequential costs due to coronary heart disease by means of economic and effective use of resources and widespread self-care plan.

Leishmaniasis encompasses a wide range of clinical complaints from skin injury to fatal visceral infections. Detailed information about the economic burden of the disease can help health care decision makers to estimate the magnitude of the problem, economic advantages obtained from the prevention of this disease, resource allocation, and disease management. The study was conducted to determine the economic burden of leishmaniasis in humans and animals in Iran in 2013.
The cost unit was determined through public service tariffs determined by the Ministry of Health and Medical Education and interviews with experts, and service costs were calculated by multiplying the cost unit for one person by all infected cases. The course of the disease and the services provided to patients were obtained from the review of the literature and records and interview with experts.
The economic burden of leishmaniasis was estimated more than IRR 213 billion ($6,700,000). Moreover, 39%, 27%, 18%, and 16% of the costs were related to indirect costs, direct medical costs, indirect medical costs, and dogs, respectively. The average direct medical cost of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis was IRR 3381186 ($106) and IRR 9392832 ($295) per person, respectively.
The economic burden of leishmaniasis compared to some diseases such as hydatid cyst showed a smaller number( 232.3 million$). It is recommended that IIranian health politicians consider the economic burden of other diseases.

Glaucoma imposes direct and indirect costs on societies. The current study aimed at estimating the economic burden of glaucoma in Iran in 2012.
The study was performed based on the partial economic evaluation method. The prevalence-based approach and bottom-up method were used. The human capital approach was used to calculate indirect costs. Required data were obtained from interview with 10 eye specialists and 100 patients, literature review, and review of 100 medical records of patients at Farabi Hospital in Tehran.
The total cost of the disease was $US 1,746,412.35, which 77.09% of the costs were related to direct cost; indirect costs accounted for 22.91% of the total costs. The total cost of hospitalization included the highest share of direct medical costs (74.4%). Average cost of outpatient for surgical and nonsurgical groups were $US 14.87 and $US 14.11, respectively. The average cost of hospitalization was $US 180.54.
Glaucoma imposed high economic burden on Iran. Proper planning for the early treatment of the disease and prevention of its complications could reduce costs of treatment and disability.

Cancer is responsible for an important part of health care costs. Policymakers need to be aware of the costs of cancer to allocate resources properly in health systems. In this paper، we explain the methods of estimating economic burden of cancer. We searched published articles and reports related to estimating costs and economic burden of cancer in known databases including Ovid Medline، Scopus، PubMed، and Google scholar. Then we reviewed the methods of selected studies. The economic burden of cancer is measured by cost، the monetary valuation of resources used to treat cancer، or the loss of economic opportunities related to cancer occurrence and treatment. There are two main approaches for estimating the economic burden of cancer: prevalence-based approach and incidence-based approach. The prevalence-based approach is more applicable; and policymakers are mostly interested in using this approach. In economic burden studies، many perspectives are used for calculating costs; however، the social perspective is more common. In the most studies، costs are categorized in three group including direct costs، indirect costs and intangible costs. Approaches to measuring the direct costs include top-down approach، bottom-up approach and the econometric approach. Human capital approach and willingness to pay approach are used for measuring indirect costs; the human capital approach is more popular. Despite the importance of calculating the economic burden of diseases for resource allocation، few studies have been conducted on this issue in Iran. Researchers can use the methods presented in this paper to calculate the economic burden of cancer and other diseases in Iran.

Road traffic crashes (RTCs) are very common across the world and in Iran. The aim of this study was to estimate the economic burden of road traffic accidents in Tehran province، Iran in 2009. This was a descriptive، cross-sectional retrospective study. The study population included all deceased and injuries due to RTCs in Tehran in 2009. The economic burden of RTC was estimated by human capital approach. The costs were divided into three groups: direct costs (pre-hospital، hospital costs، physiotherapy and rehabilitation costs، property damage costs، administrative costs and funeral costs)، indirect costs (costs of income loss or potential production lost) and intangible costs. Data were extracted from two databases specially designed at Iran Ministry of Health and Medical Education and at Legal Medicine Organization of Iran for recording traffic road injuries and from available literature. The average cost of each hospitalization was estimated by review of medical records. In 2009، 2410 people died and a further 92،100 people were injured due to RTC in Tehran. The total annual cost of road accidents in Tehran was 11،185،313 Iranian Rials (IRR). 64. 7% of the total costs were related to the direct costs، %23. 3 of the total costs were related to indirect costs and %12 of the total costs were related to direct costs. This study showed that the burden of RTC in Tehran was substantial which included about 0. 3 to 0. 4 percent of Iran’s gross domestic product in 2009.