جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « خلیج فارس » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Malaria is one of the most common infectious diseases, the growth and prevalence of which depends on the environmental and climatic conditions of each region. The Pahlavi government took measures to prevent the spread of this disease in order to ensure public health in the society. In 1334 to 1347A.H, the seventh province of Fars, which included a large part of the coastal and post-coastal areas of the Persian Gulf, was considered one of the vulnerable areas to this disease due to its geographical location. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to investigate and analyze the actions of the Pahlavi government to control and prevent the spread of malaria in Fars province during the years 1334 to 1347A.H. The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical and data collection was done by referring to historical first-hand sources and unpublished local (Persian) documents. The findings of the research show that the Pahlavi government, within the framework of the second and third seven-year construction plans, has implemented solutions to treat and eradicate this disease, such as spraying operations, sending health teams, allocating special funds and implementing programs. He did training for this purpose. Statistical analysis shows that these measures were relatively successful and effective in preventing the spread and control of malaria in Fars. However, the implementation of this plan in Fars was not without challenges.

The necessity of maintaining effective cognitive function for the employees of ships is much more than for sedentary and low-risk jobs. The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the cognitive performance before and after presenting different levels of noise in the employees of light vessels operating in the Persian Gulf.

The current causal-comparative study was conducted in the first half of 1400 in the southern region of the country. The statistical population of the present study was all the employees of light vessels active in the Persian Gulf, and 15 people were placed in three groups with different noise ranges using the available sampling method. Posner's visual attention test was performed in the pre-test for all sample subjects. Then people of different buoyancy classes were then exposed to different noise ranges, and immediately after receiving the noise, the participants' Posner visual attention test was taken again. Data were analyzed using SPSS software.

The mean age of the subjects was 23.94 with a standard deviation of 3.25. The results showed that all components of the cognitive function of watchtower staff are different in both situations before and after exposure to sound. The results showed that the correct time response and the number of correct responses of individuals after the presentation of noise had a significant decrease and the reaction of the wrong time and the number of incorrect responses increased significantly.

The results showed that exposure to acoustic vibrations at different frequencies affects selective attention and weakens the reaction time of correct responses.

Population growth and pollution caused by the discharge of all kinds of urban, industrial, and agricultural sewage, leachate from landfills, and surface water runoff cause an increase in pollution of water sources. The entry of heavy metals into the environment, especially aquatic ecosystems, due to entering the food chain and jeopardizing human health is one of the concerns of society. This study was conducted to determine the level of heavy metals in muscles of Cynoglossus arel and Pomadasys kaakan fishes in Boushehr coastal waters, north of the Persian Gulf.

This descriptive study was conducted on twenty pieces of Cynoglossus arel and twenty pieces of Pomadasys kaakan fishes take place from three coastal stations of Boushehr, north of the Persian Gulf, Iran during spring of 2022. The samples were randomly selected from the fish market. After preparation, bioassay, and digestion of fish muscle by concentrated nitric acid, the concentration of heavy metals including nickel, zinc, copper, lead, and cadmium (µg/g) in the muscle tissue was measured by ICP-OES device. The concentration of heavy metals in the fish muscle tissue for human consumption was compared with international standards (FAO, WHO, FDA, NHMRC, and UKMAFF). According to the method of the US Environmental Protection Agency for fish consumption, daily absorption estimates and heavy metal risk indicators were calculated.

The risk potential index for both species was less than one. The daily and weekly absorption of Cynoglossus arel (zinc > copper > nickel > lead > cadmium) and Pomadasys kaakan (copper > zinc > nickel > lead > cadmium) were determined. The mean concentration of heavy metals nickel, zinc, copper, lead, and cadmium in the muscle tissue of the studied species was determined to be 1.88±0.07, 27.16±8.11, 11.55±4.12, 1.14±0.06, and 0.19±0.03 µg/g, respectively. The highest amounts of studied metals in aquatic animals were zinc > copper > nickel > lead > cadmium. The concentration of metals in the analyzed samples was lower than the international standards.

Regarding toxicity, the concentration of metals in Cynoglossus arel and Pomadasys kaakan was evaluated as acceptable for human consumption. In addition, the amount of risk potential and risk index for non-cancerous diseases in adults and children in fish muscle tissue was less than 1, and the consumption of this fish does not cause any problems for human health.

The protozoan Cryptosporidium is an intestinal pathogenic parasite; are more common in hot climates and places where water and sewage treatment is less effective. The aim of this study was to detect Cryptosporidium in raw urban wastewaters entering the Bushehr coastal area. 

In total, 48 samples of urban raw wastewater samples were collected from 8 stations in winter and summer seasones. Wastewater samples were filtered through a 300 μm sieve to re-move large particles and then on a cellulose acetate membrane with a pore size of 1.2 μm. The filters were scraped and washed with 40 ml of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) containing 0.05% TWEEN and then centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 10 min at 4°C. The freeze-thaw cycles cycles were used for DNA extraction. The level of extracted DNA was measured by NanoDrop (Spectrophotometer, ND1000), and PCR prod-ucts were separated by electrophoresis in 2% agarose gel.

PCR analysis showed out of the 48 samples, 17 samples (35.4%) werepositive PCR amplification by nested PCR in the case of Cryptosporidium spp. In total, 11 and 6 samples were positive in the winter and summer seasons, respectively. 

Local authorities should be aware of probable cryptosporidiosis epidemics between the residents by paying attention to wastewater treatment processes and suitable preventive measures will help reduce the transmission of human and animal cryptosporidiosis.

The rapid and continuous development of shrimp farming has probably led to a series of harmful developments for the environment and human health. The destruction of mangrove forests, the blooming of harmful algae in coastal waters and shrimp breeding ponds, the introduction of non-native species, the depletion of aquatic resources and the reduction of water quality are among the most important environmental problems. The widespread and unlimited use of antibiotics to prevent bacterial infections in the shrimp farming industry, especially in developing countries, has played a role in this regard. On the other hand, the use of large amounts of antibiotics that should be mixed with shrimp food also lead to some problems for human health and increases the chance of remaining antibiotics in meat and shrimp products. Therefore, it seems that global efforts are needed to promote a more rational use of preventive antibiotics in aquaculture. Because the evidence shows that this unlimited use is harmful to fish, animals, human health and the environment. It is suggested to plan according to the principles of sustainable use of the environment for various economic activities, including the construction of shrimp farms, and monitoring efforts are usually needed to predict possible effects. Aquaculture effluent monitoring is part of the assessments needed to understand environmental impacts, which may include measurements of water quality, nutrient concentrations, organic matter outputs, chemicals, and residual bacteria that affect product quality.

Economic and industrial facilities in Bandar Abbas, the south of Iran, have been more developed in the past three decades, and as a result, industrial pollutants, especially heavy metals, have released to the marine ecosystem. The present study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the degree of toxicity of heavy metals (lead, cadmium, copper and zinc) on macrobenthic communities in North Persian Gulf, Bandar Abbas, Iran.

To evaluate the degree of toxicity of heavy metal pollutants such as lead, cadmium, copper and zinc on sediments and macrobenthic communities, sampling was carried out at 9 stations using a Van Veen Grab device along the Bandar Abbas coastline in Feb and July 2020.

The results of the factor analysis (PCA) suggested a common industrial source for zinc and copper that TOM may be the carrier of these metals. A domestic urban runoff source suggested for lead, and an industrial source different from the common source of zinc and copper suggested for cadmium. The calculated individual indices including geographic accumulation index (Igeo), pollution factor (Cfi) and ecological risk index (Eri) showed that all regions are in the significant to highly polluted range for lead, cadmium and copper and in low pollution in some areas to moderate pollution for other areas for zinc.

The results of this study demonstrated that sediments receiving heavy metals (lead, cadmium, copper and zinc) are toxic for macrobenthic communities and more control should be done by the city management in Bandar Abbas in this regard.

Marine animals are one of the most important sources of natural products with the origin of biological activities due to their secondary metabolites. These natural compounds can have many nutritional and medicinal uses. In recent years, efforts to find bioactive substances from organisms, especially marine animals, have increased. Echinoderms, including sea urchins (Echinoidea) and sea cucumbers (Holothuroidea) are an ancient and diverse group of marine invertebrates, which are a rich source of antibacterial and anticancer compounds with high activity mechanisms. Despite tremendous progress in medicine, diseases caused by microorganisms are still a major threat to public health. Nowadays, with the increase of antibiotic resistance and the growing of all types of cancers and the side effects of chemical drugs, the use of alternative and new natural treatments seems necessary. Recent research indicates that compounds isolated from different organs of sea cucumber and sea urchin can have antimicrobial and anticancer effects. In this narrative review, the findings of the antimicrobial and anticancer effects of sea cucumber and sea urchin from the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea in the last decade were investigated.

The increase in population and the development of various industries have caused a large number of pollutants to enter the water environment. One of the major environmental pollutants is heavy metals. Due to characteristics such as chemical stability, poor degradability, and the power of bioaccumulation at different levels of the food chain, these metals cause harm and ecological risks to living organisms. Every year, toxic and chemical effluents enter rivers, seas, and oceans during agricultural and industrial activities without observing environmental considerations, which has caused water, sediments, and aquatic pollution and created many problems for the environment and humans. Regarding the pollution of heavy metals in the water and sediments of the Persian Gulf, many studies have been conducted, some of which indicate the presence of pollution in the water and sediments. In the present study, a comprehensive review of the studies conducted regarding heavy metal pollution in water and sediments of Persian Gulf coasts has been done.

To overcome the crisis of antibiotic resistance, the development of more effective antibiotics without side effects is an urgent need. Meanwhile, the bacteria associated with sea sponges have a good potential for discovering new antimicrobial compounds with a large variety of secondary metabolites. The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the antimicrobial activity of bacteria associated with the marine sponge Haliclona sp collected from the Persian Gulf.

In the present study, the antimicrobial effects of bacteria associated with the marine sponge Haliclona sp. collected from Lark and Kish islands in the Persian Gulf, were studied against Gram-positive bacterium Micrococcus luteus. After identifying and separating the samples, purification of sponge-related bacteria was done. Isolation and purification were done on culture media including Starch caseinnitrate agar, Marine zobell agar, Glycerol asparagine agar, Marinesponge agar. Then, in order to screen the biological activities of the purified bacteria, a nutrient broth culture medium was used. Finally, the antimicrobial activity of the isolated bacteria was measured using the well diffusion method against the gram-positive bacterium Micrococcus luteus.

The highest amount of bacteria associated with the sponge Haliclona sp. related to MSA, SCNA, MZA, and GAA culture media with the isolation of CFUg-1, were 5.88±0.05, 4.87±0.05, 4.20±0.03 and 2.75±0.23 related to sponges collected from Lark Island and 6.15±0.07, 5.08±0.05, 4.90±0.07 and 4.19±0.19 related to the sponges collected from the Kish island, respectively. As a result of purification, nearly 121 bacterial strains were purified, of which 12 purified bacterial strains had antibacterial activity.

The current findings demonstrated that the marine sponge Haliclona sp. has significant antibacterial effects; as a result, this marine sponge is a suitable candidate in future studies for the isolation of effective antibacterial compounds.

Microplastics, as emerging and persistent pollutants, are ubiquitous in different environmental compartments and could be considered an ecological threat to wildlife and humans.

In the present review article, the existing studies on the presence of microplastics in water, sediments, and aquatic organisms of the Persian Gulf were reviewed with regard to different sampling techniques, samples preparation, and identification methods. 

The results indicated that the contributions of various countries to microplastics pollution of the Persian Gulf were different. The findings from the Iranian side of the Persian Gulf (especially for coastal sediments) showed higher pollution than its Arabian side. Blue and black fibers were the most predominant types of microplastics in the Persian Gulf. Based on the results, low density microplastics were more dominant in the water column, while high-density plastics were mostly found in sediments. The predominant types of microplastics in marine organisms were related to their habitats.

Microplastics contamination is a severe threat to the Persian Gulf’s environment. However, the lack of harmonized procedure for microplastics sampling, preparation, analysis, and report makes the comparison of different studies challenging. For instance, four studies reported the level of microplastics in seawater of the Persian Gulf with three different units. Hence, we suggest all studies use the same methodologies in the Persian Gulf to increase the comparability of the results.

Nowadays, the demand for seawater desalination plants (SDPs) has risen worldwide. However, there is a lack of knowledge on the effects of discharging the SDPs brines into the Persian Gulf marine environment and its aquatics health. Therefore, this research was performed to examine the effects of SDPs brines discharged from this facility in the ecosystem of the Persian Gulf on survival and electrolytes in the Blue swimmer crab, Portunus segnis (Forskal,1775) under laboratory conditions.

Brines of two types of active SDPs in Hormozgan were collected; then,75 crabs of (P.segnis), with mean (±SD) carapace width of 9.71±2.18 cm and total weight of 61.22±1.04 g, were collected and transported to the laboratory from the Bandar Abbas coast. As a completely randomized design, the samples were tested in 5 treatments (with three repetitions). Mortality was recorded, and at the end of the experimental period (60 days),the level of some electrolytes of the hemolymph (sodium, calcium, magnesium, and potassium) was measured.

Crabs' survival percentage in treatments containing SDPs effluent decreased compared to control (86%), which was more evident in RO 100% and MED 100% treatments with 46.7% and 40%, respectively (p <0.01). The examined electrolyte levels in treatments containing SDPs brine increased compared to control, which were more significant for RO 100% and MED 100% treatments (p <0.01).

This study showed that the SDPs brines would have physiological consequences on aquatic organisms. In nature, the synergy of SDPs effluents with other sources of ecological stress will have severe impacts. Therefore, the necessary regulations and actions should be taken to minimize the environmental effects of SDPs.

Lead is a toxic metal that is highly distributed in the environment and enters the natural cycle through many human-made industrial, agricultural, urban and rural activities, as well as by entering the marine ecosystems, it accumulates in the cycle of food and fish and can cause very dangerous and carcinogenic diseases in humans. This review was conducted in 2022. The data needed to assess the risk of lead on fish in the Caspian Sea, Oman sea and the Persian Gulf were collected by reviewing Persian and English published articles. The findings showed that the range of lead concentration in Caspian Sea fish was from 0.03 mg/kg in Vimba vimba to 3.01 mg/kg in golden grey mullet. Among the fish of the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea, the highest amount of lead was found in the flounders (2.82 mg/kg) and the lowest amount of this metal was found in sulpdur goatfish (0.008 mg/kg). The amount of lead in the muscle of the fish studied in the Caspian Sea, such as Caspian kutum, Golden grey mullet, common carp, leaping mullet, Gobies, and common Pike, was higher than the permissible limit of the World Health Organization (WHO) standard (0.2 mg/kg). In fish in the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea, the levels of lead in the muscles of Narrow-barred Spanish mackerel, Tigertooth croaker, Indo-Pacific king mackerel, Chelon subviridis, blackspotted croaker, Cobia, Sillaginidae, and Flounder were reported to be higher than the WHO limit. According to the risk assessment of lead metal in the fishes, in many cases the risk index was higher than 1 and the carcinogenic risk index of lead in the muscle of many fishes was reported to be higher than 1×10-4. Therefore, according to these results, it can be concluded that many fish in the Caspian Sea, the Persian Gulf, and the Oman Sea have been contaminated with lead metal during the past years, and for human consumption, the necessary precautions should be taken based on the recommendations of the WHO. It is also suggested to continuously monitor and control the concentration of lead metal and other heavy metals in marine ecosystems.

Collagen bears many applications in pharmacy and medicine, health and cosmetic products as well as food industry. In recent years, much attention has been paid to separation of collagen from marine organisms arising from the fact that its use in the diet is not restricted and triggers no risk of contagious diseases as well as religious restrictions. Moreover, fish collagen is unique in terms of its extremely high solubility in dilute acid on a scale with mammalian and chicken collagen. The purpose of this study was to investigate the isolation and evaluation of collagen from fish skin (Thunnus tonggol) as a biological material for medical tissue engineering.

Acid-soluble collagen (ASC) was isolated from fish skin using acetic acid. The Thunnus tonggol skin collagen was extracted by acid and base methods and evaluated by PAGE-SDS, FTIR and UV spectrophotography and amino acid composition analysis.

The results, predicated on SDS-PAGE and amino acid compositions, demonstrated that the fish skin collagen is of type I. Fourier transform infrared analysis also revealed helical compositions of both collagens. UV spectrophotometry in the Thunnus tonggol skin collagen indicated a maximum absorption of 235 nm. The amount of collagen extracted from the Thunnus tonggol skin turned out to be 17.3%. Through analysis of collagen amino acid extracted from the mentioned fish, glycine was predominant. The growth and proliferation of human fibroblast cells on the collagen extracted from the Thunnus tonggol skin was more than control.

The results revealed that the fish collagen is an accessible and advantageous material for medical usage and tissue engineering.

The blooming of marine benthic dinoflagellates with the potential to produce biotoxins is a phenomenon that has recently caused growing concern in the health, economic and ecological sectors of tourist and fishing areas. Since the early 1980s, the occurrence of toxic marine algae blooms has increased and caused widespread poisoning in humans. Recently, many harmful and toxic dinoflagellates have been reported from the coastal areas of southern Iran, which have played a role in most of the harmful algal blooms in the coastal strip of the Sea of Oman and the Persian Gulf. Many of these dinoflagellates are benthic and epiphytic in the sense that they generally live on the seabed or on coral reefs and macroalgae and can cause extensive health and economic damage during large-scale blooms due to their proximity to the coast. Also by entering the food web, they can also be transmitted from small organisms such as zooplankton to larger aquatic organisms such as fish, thereby threatening human health. The present study, to evaluate the potential dangers of toxic dinoflagellates causing harmful algal blooms, conducted review studies using library resources. Also, by analyzing the relevant contents of the articles and searching in Iranian and international scientific databases, the biotoxin of marine dinoflagellates and its effects on the aquatic, marine ecosystem, and human health were studied. The results of this study show that 80 species of phytoplankton have the potential to produce toxins, of which about 20 benthic species produce the strongest marine biotoxins, which are deadly to aquatic animals and even humans. The most dangerous of these biotoxins include saxitoxins, gonyautoxins, palytoxins, brevetoxins, yessotoxins, ciguatoxins, maitotoxin, okadaic acids, and azaspiracids and if harmful algal blooms are formed, they can lead to widespread death of aquatic organisms and if they enter the human body, they can cause acute and deadly poisoning. Findings from a review of related studies clearly demonstrate the importance of identifying toxic benthic dinoflagellates and the need to include them in programs to monitor harmful algal blooms on coasts.

 Nowadays, according to membrane-based filtration processes; the use of substances such as antiscalants that prevents the formation of deposits during the treatment process, is very important from industrial point of view. This study aimed to synthesize styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer (PSMA) using the radical polymerization method and to investigate the factors and parameters affecting its use in reverse osmosis membrane for removal of TDS from the Persian Gulf water sample.

 The present study was performed in laboratory scale to investigate the efficiency of synthetic antiscalants, in batch and fundamental-applied forms, as well as on a semi-industrial scale using reverse osmosis (RO) membrane system. Then, to evaluate its performance on the electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), flow flux, and membrane fouling in the reverse osmosis system, the effect of parameters such as pH and antiscalant concentration on increasing membrane efficiency and effectiveness were investigated.

 The results showed that by adding antiscalant to the reverse osmosis system, the EC and TDS of the sample can be reduced in the range of 99.5-8.98% and 97.98-2.7%, respectively, so that in the study period, which was 1 hour, less performance reduction was observed in reverse osmosis membranes than in the absence of antiscalant. Also, the concentration of synthetic antiscalant up to 5 mg/L increased the efficiency, but had a small effect in higher amounts. Increasing the pH also had an adverse effect on efficiency of the reverse osmosis system and by increasing the pH from 7 to 9, the system efficiency decreased and higher TDS scores of 265.5 mg/L and 382.5 mg/L were observed in the treated effluent output, respectively. According to ANOVA statistical analysis and Prob> F values ​​of 0.0004, the data were confirmed to be consistent. Also, a good match between the actual results and the predicted results of the software was confirmed and a logical relationship was obtained between the predicted and experimental regression coefficients.

 According to the results and by determining the optimal values of the studied parameters with a concentration of 5 mg/L antiscalants and at a pH of 7, the use of synthetic antiscalant increased the treatment efficiency using a reverse osmosis system. This material, by increasing the life of the membrane and preventing the formation of deposits on the reverse osmosis membrane, increased the time of use of this system and higher treatment efficiency was achieved in the reverse osmosis system in the presence of this anti-fouling.

As pharmaceutically active compounds (particularly antibiotics) are known emerging contaminants (EC), their occurrence in the environment has high health risks for the living organisms and the public. The effluent of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is the most important source of residues of these compounds in the environment. The urban wastewater of Bandar Abbas is discharged into the marine environment of the Persian Gulf at the rate of 500 to 700 L/s, which could be a potential source of pharmaceutical contamination for the marine ecosystem.

In this research, two main wastewater discharge stations at Gursuzan and Suru were sampled during three phases between December 2020 to February 2021. The concentration of Erythromycin residues, as the first antibiotic clinically used to treat human infections, was assessed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method.

Data analysis showed that mean (± 95% CI) concentration of Erythromycin in Suru and Gorsuzan stations were 16 ± 1.53 and 19 ± 5.86 μg/L, respectively; which their differences did not differ significantly (p>0.05). Pooled data also indicated that the wastewater discharge contained 13.2 to 23.50 μg/L of Erythromycin (α=0.05). Considering the discharge of high volume of Bandar Abbas wastewater effluent into the Persian Gulf (500-700 L/s) as well as the data obtained from this study, the results of the simulation model showed that 5184×104 L Bandar Abbas municipal wastewater is discharged into the Persian Gulf marine ecosystem daily. This volume contains 0.877×103-1.02×103 g active residues of Erythromycin antibiotic (α=0.05).

The present study is the first report of contamination of residues of medicinal compounds into the Marine Environment of the Persian Gulf by urban wastewater. Regarding the high volume of wastewater discharged, which calls for immediate actions to be taken.

Bivalves are a class of marine mollusks with high nutritional value in addition to various medicinal products. The Persian Gulf is home to 224 species from 29 families of bivalves identified so far. Based on research conducted in the Persian Gulf or other parts of the world, bioactive compounds exist in their shell and soft tissue. In this review article, we reviewed biomedical research related to bivalves. To this end, after classifying the species in the Persian Gulf, articles related to the evaluation of biomedical applications of bivalves in reputable journals in PubMed and Google Scholar databases were included in this study. Research has shown the presence of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, and anti-microbial compounds in bivalves. They have also been used to produce bioadhesives. Many studies have also used them as biomarkers for monitoring environmental pollution. Due to the species diversity of the Persian Gulf and the biomedical potentials of bivalves, more purposeful and practical research is needed for the production and extraction of medical and health products.

The northern strip of Persian Gulf, especially the Bandar Abbas area, is one of the main fish supply points in the country, thus the contamination of edible fishes in the area into heavy metals may pose so many concerns. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of lead and cadmium in the edible part of the Pelagic, Mezoeic and Bentic fishes delivered in Bandar Abbas city.

In this descriptive-analytical study, 81 samples of surface, middle and demersal fish were sampled in Bandar Abbas fish market using nesting or hierarchical process. Edible parts of the Fishes were digested by microwave and the concentration of lead and cadmium was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Finally, estimated daily index (EDI), target hazard quotients (THQ) or non-carcinogenic risk and carcinogenic risk (CR) associated with the consumption of the fishes contaminated to the heavy metals were calculated.

The average concentration of Lead in Pelagic, Mezoeic and Bentic Fishes were 0.03, 0.019, 0.04 mg/kg, respectively. The corresponding concentrations for cadmium were 0.0028, 0.002, 0.0056 mg/kg, respectively. In terms of human health, the THQ values for each element and the TTHQ values for the combined elements were less than 1.Moreover, CR values for both metals were lower than the acceptable lifetime cancer risk of 10-5.

According to EDI, THQ, TTHQ, CR, and acceptable safety constraint by different organizations, consumption of examined fish species won’tposeany significant human health risk.

Due to the increasing bacterial resistance to antibiotics and side effects of chemical drugs, the tendency to use natural resources has increased. The aim of this study was to investigate the antibacterial and antifungal activity of epidermal mucus in some fish of the Persian Gulf.

In the present laboratory study, mucus of 4 species of Netuma bilineata, Solea elongata, uryglossa orientalis and Muraenesox cinereus were collected according to Ross (2000) method. The antibacterial and antifungal activity was evaluated by disk diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC).

The antibacterial activity of ethyl acetate extract of mucus of 4 species of fish had more growth inhibitory effects against gram-negative bacteria than gram-positive bacteria, while the aqueous extract had no ability to inhibit the growth of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. In antifungal activity, the aqueous extract showed more growth inhibitory effects than ethyl acetate extract of mucus of 4 species of fish.

The results of this study can be promising for the use of fish mucus as a rich source for finding new antibacterial peptides for use in aquaculture and medicine.

Marine algae have become very important in various fields of food, medicine, and cosmetics, due to their unique functional and nutraceutical properties, as well as their amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and trace element contents. This study was aimed to identify the chemical compositions and to determine some physicochemical and nutraceutical properties of the brown algae Sargasom boveanum from the
Bushehr coasts.

The total protein content, amino acid, and fatty acid profiles, as well as chemical compositions, were respectively, determined by Kjeldahl, HPLC-UV, GC-FID, and GC-MS methods.

The total protein content was 12.5%. Among the 17 identified amino acids, the highest amount was related to lysine, followed by glycine and aspartic acid. The essential, semi-essential, and non-essential amino acid levels were 48.1, 24.6, and 27.5%, respectively. Among the 18 identified fatty acids, the palmitic acid, caproic acid, and myristic acid had respectively, the highest values. The results of mass spectrometry showed the presence of 25 compositions from different groups of phenolic, quinoline, isoquinoline, indole, pyrazole, oxadiazole, and pyrrole in the algael extract.

Due to the richness in essential and semi-essential amino acids, beneficial fatty acids, and unique secondary metabolites of the Persian Gulf Sargassum algae, it can be considered as a potential functional food and a perfect nutraceutical package.