جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « روش های غیردارویی » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Nowadays, cesarean section is one of the common obstetric surgeries and one of the most common surgeries in women. Many pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods are used in cesarean surgery to control pain. This review study was performed aimed to review the pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods of pain control in women undergoing cesarean surgery.

In this narrative review study, to find the relevant studies, Persian language databases of "SID, Magiran" and "Google Scholar" was searched with the Persian key words of pharmaceutical, non-pharmacological methods, pain control, pain and cesarean section.

In this study, 74 articles in two categories of pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods were examined. Drugs which were studied in pharmaceutical methods include: opiates, non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, local anesthetics, regulators of sleep and wake cycles, intravenous sedatives, benzodiazepines, antifibrinolytics, NMDA antagonists and antidopaminergic. Non-pharmacological methods include: aromatherapy, music therapy, sports exercises, foot reflexology, auriculotherapy, massage, touch therapy, keeping the peritoneum open, kangaroo contact, Benson relaxation and electrical stimulation of the nerve through the skin (TENS).

The present study conducted a general review to collect all the pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods of controlling pain after cesarean section which has been reported in most of the reviewed studies to be effective for pain control; however, it is not possible to determine possible risks or to rank the interventions, and more studies are needed. But the attending physician can choose among the methods based on the condition of patient.

Nausea and vomiting are common complaints of women in the first half of pregnancy. Several pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods have been suggested to prevent nausea and vomiting. Since pharmacological treatments are associated with side effects, this study was performed with aim to investigate non-pharmacological methods of controlling nausea and vomiting during pregnancy in Iran.

In this narrative or narrative review study, all the articles published in domestic Persian language journals were searched using the databases of SID, Magiran and Google Scholar search engines, and the use of Persian keywords of non-pharmacological methods, nausea, vomiting and pregnancy and a combination of these keywords between 2001 and 2021. In this study, only original and clinical trial studies were reviewed.

Among the searched 679 articles, 28 related articles which had all the information in the designed checklist were included in the study. Based on the results, several non-pharmacological methods including use of acupressure, Benson relaxation training, progressive muscle relaxation, Ottawa Nutrition Guide, Solar Soil Reflexology, Lemon Aromatherapy, Psychological counseling with a couple therapy approach, Family-centered Counseling, Telephone Support, and herbal remedies such as ginger, chamomile and cardamom were effective in treating pregnancy nausea and vomiting.

The present study showed good evidence for the effectiveness and safety of all methods used in the studies. It seems that all non-pharmacological methods of nausea and vomiting such as acupressure can be used as very easy methods in the treatment of pregnant women; however, the present study was not able to evaluate the preference of the proposed methods that health care providers can choose from the methods supported by previous evidence from clinical trial studies according to the available facilities and patient preferences.

Women undergoing cesarean section may have some difficulty in self-care and also the care of their baby due to post-operative pain. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the effect of non-pharmacological self-care training methods on pain management in women undergoing cesarean section.

This quasi-experimental study was performed on 72 women candidates for cesarean section at Shohaday-e Sarpol-e Zahab hospital. Samples were selected by available sampling method and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. In the 37th week of pregnancy, the test group was presented with a self-care pain control training booklet and its content was also taught by researcher in a 45-60-minute face-to-face session until full learning. The control group received the usual methods. The severity of pain in first 24 hours after surgery was assessed using a visual acuity scale (VAS) in both groups. The test group was then asked to perform self-care exercises. On the ninth day after surgery, the severity of the pain was re-evaluated in both groups. Data analysis was performed using independent t-test, paired t-test, chi-square and statistical indicators in SPSS software version 20.

The results showed that the mean pain severity scores were 5.19±1.69 in experimental group and 4.19±1.20 in control group (p=0.005). Also, the mean pain severity scores, nine days after cesarean section, were 0.92±0.97 in the experimental group and 2.59±1.34 in control group which showed a statistically significant difference between two groups (p<0.001). Pain severity was lower in the experimental group than in control group.

According to the findings, non-pharmacological self-care methods for pain management have been effective in reducing pain after cesarean section. Therefore, it is recommended that nurses consider these safe, non-invasive, cost-effective self-care techniques along with medication.