جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « سیگار » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Indirect methods for estimating hidden populations are essential. The present study aimed to assess the prevalence of cigarette and waterpipe consumption in the Arak metropolis, Iran, directly and indirectly through network scale-up.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 1,604 participants. Daily and weekly cigarette and waterpipe consumption data were collected to measure the prevalence directly. The indirect network scale-up method was used to estimate the size of cigarette and hookah smokers. A confidence interval of 95% was considered.

About 49.9% of the participants were men. The average age of men was 39.8 and women 38.7 years. In the direct method, the prevalence of smoking at least one cigarette per day during the last year in women and men was 1.8% (1.0-3.0) and 38.3% (34.9-41.9), respectively. The prevalence of using waterpipe at least once a day during the last year was as much as 0.9% (0.03-1.8) and 4.1% (2.8-5.7) for women and men. In the indirect method of network scale-up during the last year, the prevalence of continuous smoking was 4.8% (4.3-5.0) in women and 19.7% (19.6-19.9) in men. The prevalence of waterpipe in women was calculated at 7.8% (7.8-8.0) and 9.8% (9.7-9.9) in men.

Based on the results, the prevalence of waterpipe and cigarette smoking was high in the Arak, especially among young people. It is suggested to the health system policymakers to pay attention to measures related to reducing the prevalence of these two risk factors, especially among young people, in their health plans.

Smoking stands as the most significant preventable cause of death globally. This study aims to assess the prevalence of smoking and its impact on clinical indicators among individuals with type II diabetes in Sulaymaniyah, Northern Iraq.

This descriptive-analytical study involved 602 patients with type II diabetes in 2023. A simple random sampling method was employed, selecting patients with medical records from the diabetes center in Sulaymaniyah. Data were collected using a written questionnaire through interviews and analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistics in SPSS version 16.

The patients' mean age was 53.17 years (range: 30 to 77 years, standard deviation: 9.38 years). Approximately 31.7% of patients reported a history of smoking. Male gender (OR = 10.316) and urban residence (OR = 1.754) were predictors of smoking. Patients with a history of smoking exhibited significantly higher levels of Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) (P = 0.027) and body mass index (BMI) (P = 0.018).

The study revealed a higher prevalence of smoking among patients with diabetes in Northern Iraq compared to the global average. Smoking was associated with elevated FBS levels. These findings underscore the clinical significance of developing and implementing smoking cessation programs among individuals with type II diabetes.

The outbreak of the Covid-19 disease has led to protective and preventive measures including social distancing and quarantine around the world. This stressful period may lead to psychological problems, including increased substance and tobacco use. The purpose of this review study is to investigate the impact of covid-19 disease on tobacco and alcohol using.

Methods and Matreials: 

This review article has been performed using alcohol, tobacco, cigarettes, corona virus, and covid-19 keywords and their English equivalents in various data bases including PubMed, Scopus, Google scholar, SID, and Magiran from 2014 to 2023. 124 articles were extracted and finally 20 articles were included in the study.

The findings indicate that alcohol consumption and smoking increased slightly during quarantine compared to the pre-quarantine period as a method of self-medication against restrictive measures caused by the Covid-19 pandemic.

According to the research findings and the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the pattern of smoking and alcohol consumption, it is suggested to adopt a multidisciplinary approach including psychologists, psychiatrists and mental health specialists in order to reduce the amount of such high-risk behaviors.

Exposure to secondhand smoke facilitates the occurrence of heart diseases, cancer, and other diseases. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of secondhand tobacco smoke exposure and related factors among high school students in Zahedan, Iran, in 2022.

In this cross-sectional study in 2022, 640 high school students in Zahedan were selected via a multi-stage random sampling method. A checklist adapted from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) questionnaire was used for data collection. All checklists were collected in person and through interviews. All data analysis was performed in SPSS software (version 22) using chi-square, independent t-test, and logistic regression tests at a significance level of 0.05.

In this study, a total of 640 students with a mean age of 17.00 ± 0.77 years were examined, 45.2% of whom were boys. Moreover, 58.4% of the studied students were exposed to secondhand smoke. Gender, type of school, type of house, place of residence, and the presence of respiratory disease were not related to secondhand smoke exposure. Cases exposed to secondhand smoke were significantly higher among students living on city outskirts and Baloch ethnicity (P<0.05). Based on the Multiple logistic regression model, the most important predictors of secondhand smoke exposure were parental smoking history and mother's illiteracy (P<0.05).

As evidenced by the obtained results, the prevalence of secondhand smoke exposure in teenagers of Zahedan is relatively high, and it seems that the level of literacy and economic status are involved in the prevalence of exposure.

Diabetes mellitus is a common metabolic disorder, with worldwide increasing rates and many complications. Nervous system disorders are the most commonly encountered diabetes, so that about half of diabetic patients will ultimately develop neuropathy. Diabetic neuropathy leads to consequences like recurrent lower limb infections, diabetic foot ulcers and subsequent amputation. Considering the many problems caused by diabetic neuropathy and the need to know more about this complication and helping to improve prevention and control strategies, this study was conducted to determine the frequency of diabetic neuropathy in diabetic patients and its risk factors in patients referred to the Diabetes Clinic of the Hospital Golestan Ahwaz was conducted during the years 1393-95.Methods & Materials: This retrospective study carried out on 605 patients with type 2 diabetes who referred to Ahwaz Golestan Hospital from 1393 to 1395. The frequency of diabetic neuropathy was evaluated in these patients and the risk factors for the development of neuropathy were studied using data registration forms and analyzed by software ...

Of the 605 patients studied in this study, 213 (35.2%) patients had diabetic neuropathy.Of these 213 people (51%) were women and (49%) were men. With the increase in HbA1c level or smoking, the prevalence of diabetic neuropathy also increased significantly.

Diabetic neuropathy is a common and prevalent complication of diabetes. With attention to the early diagnosis, treatment of complications and risk factors, efforts should be made to reduce this complication in order to reduce its many medical, social and financial problems.

Coronavirus is one of the respiratory pathogens that may cause from a mild cold to more severe diseases. According to studies, there is a relationship between smoking and the severity of the disease caused by this virus. However, people's awareness about this connection needs to be clarified. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the level of awareness among the businesspeople of Ardabil City about the relationship between smoking and hookah smoking and the COVID-19 disease and its related factors.

This study was descriptive-analytical research conducted on 380 people from the businesspeople of Ardabil city, who were selected using the available sampling method. In order to collect data, a demographic information form and a researcher-made questionnaire about the relationship between tobacco use and COVID-19 disease were used, the validity and reliability of which were confirmed. Data was entered into SPSS software version 25 and analyzed using descriptive (number, percentage, mean and standard deviation) and inferential (independent t-tests and Spearman correlation coefficient).

A total of 376 people were included in this study. The average age of the study subjects was 36.88±11.49 years. Out of 376 people, 189 people (50.3%) were smoking. The average score of the participants' awareness about the relationship between smoking and hookah usage with the COVID-19 disease was 11.35±5.58 (out of 22 points). The level of awareness of female participants was significantly higher than that of men, and with increasing age, the level of awareness increased (p<0.05). No significant relationship was observed between people's knowledge score and their level of education and occupation.

Considering the moderate awareness of the participants about the relationship between smoking and hookah and the disease COVID-19, people in the community need more education in this field. The correct education of people requires the actions of health policymakers, which can be done by producing brochures, holding online meetings, using social networks and with the participation of union officials.

A proper hand function is essential for performing activities of daily living. Hand injuries can significantly affect participation in these activities. Therefore, any factors that interferes with the treatment of hand injuries and postoperative recovery such as smoking should be controlled. Smoking cigarettes use is a public health problem worldwide. The present study aims to investigate the relationship between smoking cigarettes and hand function after tendon repair in men.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 40 men (20 smokers and 20 non-smokers) who had undergone at least 10 sessions of physiotherapy and 10 sessions of occupational therapy one and a half months after tendon surgery. In order to collect the information, a demographical form and the shortened disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand questionnaire (QuickDASH) were used. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS software, version 22.

There was a significant difference in hand function after tendon repair between smokers and non-smokers (P=0.006). There was no significant relationship between the number of cigarette consumed per day and hand function (P=0.3)

It seems that there is a significant relationship between smoking and hand function after tendon repair, but there is no significant relationship between the number of cigarettes smoked per day and hand function. Individual counseling to smokers with hand injuries and expressing the possible negative effects of smoking on their hand function can increase the effectiveness of rehabilitation in them.

 A decrease in cell size and an increase in nuclear dimension due to changes in the amount of DNA could be an indicator of early detection of malignant changes. This study aimed to compare the nuclear and cytoplasmic diameters of buccal mucosa cells in cigarette smokers and nonsmokers in a cytomorphometric study using Feulgen and Papanicolaou stains.

 In this case-control study, cytological smears of human buccal mucosa cells stained with Feulgen and Papanicolaou of 30 smokers and 15 controls who had never smoked were compared regarding the cytoplasm size and nucleus diameter. Moreover, the difference among the mean values of the cytoplasm size, nucleus diameter, and nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio in the case and control samples regarding the Feulgen and Papanicolaou stained slides were analyzed using the Independent Samples t-Test.

 The mean cytoplasm size of smokers stained with Feulgen was significantly higher than that of Papanicolaou-stained samples in smokers (P=0.01). There was no significant difference between the mean diameter of the nucleus and the nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio of smokers stained with Feulgen and Papanicolaou (P=0.2 and P=0.1, respectively).

 In buccal mucosa cells of cigarette smokers, Feulgen and Papanicolaou staining methods had the same outcomes in demonstrating the morphometric changes of the nucleus; however, there were no differences in revealing cytoplasm diameter.

smoking enhances the risk of cardiac events in patients with coronary artery disease. So, it is necessary to evaluate the effects of exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation on endothelial function and functional capacity among smoker patients.

This randomized clinical trial study was conducted on 56 non-diabetic smokers with a history of percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass graft surgery in Imam Khomeini Hospital from May to August 2015. Based on cardiac rehabilitation, patients were divided into intervention and control groups. Before rehabilitation, fasting blood sugar (FBS), lipid profile (LDL, HDL, triglyceride, and total cholesterol), and Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) were measured for endothelial function. Besides, METs were measured based on the Duke activity status index. After 24 rehabilitation sessions (3 sessions of 1 hour each week for 2 months), all values were checked again and compared with the initial values.

The mean age of the subjects in the cardiac rehabilitation and control groups were 61.18 and 52.32, respectively. Before the intervention, there were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of the ABI variables, BMI, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, LDL, triglyceride, total cholesterol and FBS; only HDL and  METs showed significant differences. After exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation, the mean rate of ABI changes was +0.078 on the right side of the body and +0.084 on the left side of the body. In the control group, these values were 0.002 and 0.003, respectively (P=0.001). The amount of changes in increasing METs as well as decreasing body mass index (BMI), and systolic and diastolic blood pressure in the rehabilitation group were statistically significant compared to the control group. In addition, there were no significant differences in terms of FBS and lipid profiles either (P>0.05).

Two months of cardiac rehabilitation with regular exercise was associated with improved ABI as an indicator of endothelial function and prognosis of cardiovascular disease, as well as improved cardiac functional capacity among smoker patients.

Cadmium is one of the heavy metals and long time exposure to it can cause a lot of health problems in human beings. In this study, we investigated the toxic effects of Cadmium on kidney performance in the smokers and non-smokers and also its relationship with ventilation systems at Maragheh City prison.

This descriptive-analytical study included 90 prisoners. Cadmium of urine samples was measured by using a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer. Parameters of renal function including urine specific gravity, creatinine, protein, albumin, glucose and urea were measured using a Hitachi autoanalyzer.

The highest values of excretion of cadmium, protein, albumin, per gram creatinine and glucose were observed in the smokers without ventilation systems in their living quarters. In this group, ratio of cadmium per creatinine showed significant relationships with protein per creatinine, albumin per creatinine, urea, and glucose (P < 0.05), while in the control group without ventilation, this ratio had significant relationship only with urinary glucose excretion (P < 0.05) and we found no significant relationships between cadmium per creatinine ratio and other variables in this group (P ≥ 0.05).

Exposure to cadmium metal through cigarette smoke can directly and indirectly affect kidney function and lead to increased excretion of protein, albumin, urea and glucose. This effect is also affected by indoor ventilation systems, so that the presence of proper ventilation systems reduces exposure to cigarette smoke and hence cadmium, which results in reduced harmful effects of cadmium on the renal function of the exposed individuals.

Smoking is an important individual risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), which in combination with other risk factors may also increase the risk of cardiovascular conditions. In this study, the effect of CVD risk factors has been investigated on different levels of smoking.

This cross-sectional analysis was performed using the baseline data of Ravansar Non-Communicable Disease (RaNCD) cohort study. The study included 10063 persons in the age range of 35–65 years.  The smoking status was categorized as current, former, and never smokers. It was also classified into three levels of light, medium and strong based on the amount of tobacco consumption. Data were analyzed using logistic regression.

The mean age of participants was 48.10± 8.25 years and nearly 4773 (47.43%) of them were male. The odds ratio of CVDs were 3.14 (95% CI = 1.28-2.67), 1.47 (95% CI = 0.85-2.55), and 1.25 (95% CI = 0.56-5.77) times higher in smoker with hypertension, diabetes and hyperlipidemia, respectively. Hypertension (OR = 2.17, 95% CI = 1.18-1.00) and hyperlipidemia (OR = 2.13, 95% CI = 1.17-1.90) increased the CVD risk in former smokers. High physical activity in never smokers (OR = 0.73) and former smoker (OR = 0.53) was a significant CVD protective factor.

Smoking either individually or in combination with other risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity, poor physical activity, and old age increases the risk of developing CVD.

Nowadays, tobacco use among adolescents has become one of the main factors threatening society’s health. The present research aims at investigating Bushehr city adolescents’ tobacco use and the factors pertinent to it.

In this Descriptive-Analytical research, 716 students were selected by random cluster sampling method among the 2nd-grade high school students in Bushehr in 2019. Data collection tools include demographic information forms and questions regarding tobacco consumption status. The collected data were analyzed using the descriptive statistics, Mann Whitney Tests, and Chi-Square Tests in terms of the type of the variable. The level of significance was considered less than 0.05 in all cases.

The average age of the participants of the research was 17.03±0.83 and the prevalence of tobacco use among the students was 24.9%. There was a significant relationship between smoking tobacco and the following factors, having smokers in the house (P<0.001), smokers among the close relatives (P=0.004), hookah (qalyan) smokers in the family (P<0.001), hookah smokers among the close relatives (P<0.001), hookah smoker friends (P<0.001), having a job to earn money (P=0.004), and the amount of pocket money (P<0.001).

The amount of tobacco use in the present research was significant. Being associated with smoker friends, and the family members or close relatives who smoke increases the risk of smoking tobacco. It is recommended that the families shall first stop using tobacco as much as possible or at least not smoke in the presence of their adolescents; second, the families need to supervise their adolescents’ relationships and friendships in order to prevent their children from being friends with people that could encourage them to use tobacco.

It seems necessary to do any research on the new Coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, or its mutant version, which causes acute respiratory syndrome by inducing cytokine storm in individuals and has imposed a great burden on the world during the last year. Smoking is one of the most important known risk factors for severe respiratory diseases and even death. According to studies, about 1.4 to 18% of COVID-19-induced hospitalizations are related to smokers, so both the upper and lower respiratory tract in smokers are more prone to COVID-19 infection. They are also more likely than non-smokers to have more severe respiratory symptoms from COVID-19. Therefore, in recent year, the main goal of researchers is to recommend prevention and treatment strategies for vulnerable people with underlying diseases.This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of irreversible effects of smoking on the respiratory system and exacerbation of the emerging infectious disease COVID-19 and compare it with non-smokers.

 Several studies have reported that cigarette smoking affects sperm parameters, especially semen quality, but their results are contradictory. 

 This retrospective study aims to evaluate the relationship of sperm parameters with smoking in men with idiopathic infertility. 

 This retrospective study was conducted on 1744 infertile men with at least one year of idiopathic infertility. They were divided into two groups of smokers (n=379) and non-smokers (n=1365) according to their smoking habits and based on their inclusion and exclusion criteria. The semen analysis was extracted from subjects’ medical records, and the collected data were analyzed in SPSS V. 19 software.

 Smoking significantly reduced semen volume in smokers (2.88±1.50 mL) compared to non-smokers (3.28±1.77 mL) (P=0.002). There was a significant decrease in sperm motility in smokers (36.1±21.9%) compared to non-smokers (34.4±19.6%) (P=0.009). However, the association of smoking with sperm motility between men with normal and abnormal semen volumes was not statistically significant, and there was no significant difference in sperm count and morphology between infertile smokers and non-smokers (P>0.05).

 Smoking causes a significant reduction in semen volume, but has no significant effect on sperm count, morphology, and motility in men with abnormal and normal semen volume.

As one of the major public health concerns, the progressive increase in the suicide rate among children and adolescents is associated with biological, psychological and sociological aspects.

This study aimed investigating the demographic characteristics and the relationship between substance abuse, smoking and alcohol consumption by parents and children with suicide attempt history.

The present case-control study was conducted on suicide attempters aged 6-18 years in 2019 in Sanandaj, Iran. The sampling method was random and based on the chronological order of referrals to hospitals. 44 individuals including 26 girls and 18 boys in the case group and 42 individuals in the control group were matched in terms of age, sex, and rural or urban residence. Data were collected using a self-made checklist and the BECK suicide questionnaire. Statistical data were analyzed by SPSS-22 software.

The mean age of the subjects was 14.29 in the case group, and 13.5 years in the control group. Among suicide attempters, 13 were smokers, 12 were alcoholic consumers, and 7 were substance abusers. As opposed to the insignificant effect of maternal consumption of alcohol and substance, and smoking there were 28 smokers, 13 alcoholic consumers, and 10 substance abusers among fathers, indicating the significant role of fathers in the suicide attempts of children (P<0.05).

Due to the prevalence of suicide in Kurdistan and its concurrence with the use of drugs, cigarettes and alcohol, effective planning and intervention by policymakers and health and social authorities seem imperative.

High risk behaviors and adolescents’ tendency toward them are one of the main factors that jeopardize community health. The present study was conducted to determine the status of adolescents’ tendency to high-risk behaviors and related factors in the city of Bushehr, Iran.

In this descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study, 716 secondary school students in Bushehr city were selected by cluster sampling method in 2019. The data collection tools included a demographic data form and Iranian adolescent risk-taking scale comprising smoking, violence, and high-risk driving subscales. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson’s and Spearman’s correlation tests, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis and linear regression analysis. Significance level was considered P<0.05 for all tests.

The participants’ mean age was 17.03±0.83 years. High risk driving had the highest mean score (14.5±88.67). There was a direct and significant relationship among all three high-risk behaviors. The presence of smoker friends had direct and significant relationships with all three high-risk behaviors, and the amount of pocket money had a direct and significant relationship with the tendency to high-risk driving (P=0.016).

The results showed that high-risk behaviors were correlated with one another, therefore, adolescents with one high-risk behavior should also be controlled for other high-risk behaviors. Given the significant tendency of adolescents to high-risk driving and its positive relationship with pocket money, it is necessary for parents to have greater control over adolescents’ pocket money.

Smoking is considered a gateway to drug use and other risky behaviors. This study aimed to investigate the effect of images (neutralized and warning) on tobacco product packaging on brain wave patterns of smokers.

A semi-experimental study was designed. The statistical population included all male students of Tabriz University in 2017-18. The alpha-peak, theta, alpha, SMR, and beta frequency bands of these individuals were quantitatively recorded. Data were then analyzed by repeated-measures analysis using SPSS version 21 software.

The results showed that the main effect of recording position (P <0.001), the main effect of the frequency band (P <0.001), and the interactive effect of recording position and frequency band (P <0.001) were significant. Warning images were more effective than neutral images. The mean beta was 10.21 for warning images, 8.03 for neutral images, and 7.25 for resting.

Designers should revise the structure of alert messages on cigarette packs such as the plot, size, and type of images, reform items such as repeating the message image and neutralizing the image, and pay low attention to the attractiveness of the brand.
 

One of the most common problems after implant treatment is peri-implant disease. Recognizing the prevalence of peri-implant disease has a significant role in reducing unwanted complications after implant placement.The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of peri-implant disease in patient referring to periodontics department of Yazd Dental School.

In this cross-sectional study, for patients who have been placed the implant inthe periodontics department of dental school in the period of six years, clinical examination and patient records done. Finally, the data were analyzed by SPSS 18 software and Chi-square statistical test.

In this study there was a significant relationship between healthy group and peri-implantitis in the terms of gender (p value= 0.047).but there is no significant relationship between age groups (p value = 0.385). There is a significant relationship between systemic disease (p value = 0.071), probing depth (p value = 0.0001), presence of keratinized mucosa (p value = 0.001) and smoking (p value = 0.036) with peri-implantitis. This relationship is not significant in the plaque index variable (p value = 0.229). There is significant relationship between implant type and peri-implantitis(p value = 0.030), but there is no significant correlation for implant location (0.872), prosthesis type (0.678), implant method (0.367).There is direct relationship between the date of implant placement (p value = 0.01, rs = 0.229) and implant diameter (p value = 0.927, rs = 0.08) with peri-implantitis and inverse relationship between implant length (p value = 0.296, rs = 0.046) and peri-implantitis, which is statistically significant only in date of implant placement variable.

Based on our data, prevalence of peri-implantitis in patients referred to periodontics department was 84.9%. Statistically significant relationship was shown between gender, systemic disease, probing depth, keratinized mucosa, smoking, implant type, bridge and date of implant placement and peri-implantitis.