جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « فاضلاب بیمارستانی » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Since 2019, the spread of the coronavirus has caused an epidemic worldwide, and the transmission of the disease through respiratory droplets has been declared as the primary method of transmission in 2020. However, in this study, the indirect transmission of the virus through sewage has been investigated.

Wastewater related to hospital and urban wastewater treatment plants in 5 regions of Ardabil province (northwest of Iran) were investigated. A total of 22 samples were kept in pre-test conditions (temperature -20 degrees Celsius) and were used to identify the viral genome. Specific primer and chain reaction probes targeting ORF1ab and N (nucleoprotein gene) genes were used.

In this research, out of all the samples collected, the result of 3 samples was positive. All three positive samples are related to incoming sewage.

The results of this research showed that sewage epidemiology (WBE) can be considered a cost-effective method for diagnosing and predicting pathogenic agents and an effective method for making decisions to protect citizens' health.

In 2015, the European Union placed estrogen hormones on the list of compounds with a possible real risk to living organisms and emphasized the need for environmental research. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence and effect of activated sludge process and chlorination on the fate of 17-beta estradiol and testosterone in hospital wastewater.

In this descriptive-analytical study, for each hormone, 18 samples were taken from different parts of a real scale treatment plant in a three months period. Hormone extraction was performed by solid phase extraction using selective C18 cartridge. The extracted hormones were assayed by ELISA specific kits (IBL, Germany). Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 22 and Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon statistical tests.

The minimum concentration observed in raw wastewater was related to 17β-estradiol and in the final effluent was related to testosterone. The mean concentration of testosterone in raw wastewater (6.08 ng/l) was significantly higher than the 17β-estradiol concentration (4.13 ng/l), but the difference in the mean concentrations (around 1 ng/l) of the two hormones in the final effluent was not significant. The overall efficiency of the activated sludge and chlorination processes in the removal of testosterone and 17β-estradiol was observed to be about 85% and 76%, respectively.

Although the treatment processes can reduce considerably the concentration of 17β -estradiol and testosterone, but the final hormones concentrations indicated that the type of effluent reuse and capacity of the receiving water resources must be considered.

The overuse of antibiotics in hospitals and the entry of these pollutants into water resources is one of the major challenges to the health of the community and the environment. Removal of antibiotics from hospital wastewater and other aquatic environments is possible through the adsorption process. This study was performed to evaluate antibiotic removal using plantain wood due to being cheapn and natural.

In this in vitro study, the effect of pH (2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12), contact time (5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 minutes), initial metronidazole concentration (10, 50 and 100 mg/L) and biosorbent dose (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 1.2 and 1.4 g) on metronidazole removal rate in synthetic solution were evaluated, and the isothermal kinetic and thermodynamic results of the adsorption process were investigated in this study. Concentration of metronidazole in aqueous solution was measured by Hach DR 5000 UV-Vis Laboratory Spectrophotometer.

Maximum removal of metronidazole (91%) was obtained at pH=6.5, 60 min, initial concentration of 50 mg/l, adsorbent dose of 0.8 g and 25 °C and maximum adsorption capacity (11.38 mg/g) was obtained at a dosage of 0.1 g. In this study, the reaction rate followed the pseudo-second order and adsorption isotherm followed Langmuir equation. The adsorption thermodynamic results showed that the adsorption process is physical in nature and is a spontaneous endothermic reaction.

The results of the study showed that biosorbent prepared from plantain wood is a natural material and has the ability to remove metronidazole antibiotics from hospital wastewater and other aquatic environments.

Effluent of wastewater treatment plant after reaching to the standards is commonly used as the source of irrigation in agriculture in many developing and developed countries. Before using wastewater in agriculture, it is better to evaluate the phytotoxic effects of wastewater on crops. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the impacts of raw and treated hospital wastewater on seed germination and growth parameters of selected vegetable species. In this study, the toxicity effects of different concentrations (i.e., 0%, 10%, 30%, 50%, 70%, and 10% v/v) of raw and treated hospital wastewater on seed germination, root growth, as well as stems and leaves of three vegetables, namely Coriandrum sativum, Anethum graveolens, and Lepidium sativum, using Petri dish cultivation method were studied through three replications in a completely randomized design. The parameters, such as germination percentage, germination rate index, and growth parameters (i.e., the length of the root, shoot, and leaf), were calculated after 0-10 days. In addition, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), Toxic Shock Syndrome, pH, Total Dissolved Solids, EC (Electrical Conductivity), free chlorine residual, and microbial quality of wastewater were analyzed in the present study. Obtained results showed that no significant relationship was observed between the control, as well as raw and treated wastewater samples, in seed germination capacity. According to the finding, the length of the root, shoot, and leaf increased with an increase in the concentration of wastewater. Therefore, hospital wastewater had no negative effect on the seed germination of the plants. Hospital wastewater can contain hazardous substances, such as pharmaceutical residues, chemical hazardous substances, pathogens, and radioisotopes. In this regard, it is required to investigate more qualitative parameters regarding the reuse of hospital wastewater in agriculture.

Members of the genus Enterococcus are well-documented pathogens associated with various clinical manifestations, including bacteremia, infective endocarditis, intra-abdominal infections, urinary tract infections, and, in rare cases, central nervous system infections. In this study, we aimed to isolate vancomycin resistant enterococci from hospital sewage in Tehran. During 2016, sampling was carried out from effluent of a hospital in Tehran. The sewage sample was diluted and filtered using saline and membranes were transferred onto m-Enterococcus agar plates supplemented with vancomycin and incubated at 37°C. All colonies were identified at the species level using specific primers and the resistance of different strains to vancomycin and teicoplanin was determined. The presence of 9 different vancomycin resistance genes was detected using PCR. A total of 92 enterococcus isolates consisting of E. faecium (80%), E. faecalis (17%) and E. gallinarum (3%) were collected. All strains showed resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin discs and the minimum inhibitory concentration ranges of vancomycin varied from 2048 to128 μg/ml and most of the isolates (82%) showed resistance to highest level of vancomycin. Three different vanA, vanB and vanC genes were detected and vanA gene was common among all vancomycin resistant strains. Moreover, the presence of vanC gene was limited to E. gallinarum strains. The presence of vancomycin and teicoplanin resistant strains in the effluent of this hospital in Tehran indicating the inefficiency of sewage treatment system.

Hospitals, as one of the most important social places, play a basic role in providing, conserving and improving of the individual and community health. Hospital wastewater contain different pathogenic microorganisms, hazardous chemicals, radioactive substances, and organic and inorganic materials. In this research, removal of coliform bacteria from hospital wastewater by electrocoagulation technology has been evaluated. Wastewater samples were collected from Yahianejad hospital wastewater treatment plant belong to Babol Universty of Medical Sciences as a grab sampling before the chlorination unit. Electrocoagulation experiments were carried out in the electrical voltage (10,20,30V), contact time (30,60,90 minutes), and using two types of galvanized iron and aluminum electrodes. Before and after electrocoagulation starting, the samples were taken middle of the reactor and the experiments were conducted multi-tube fermentation method (15 tubes with dilution). The results showed that the maximum removal of coliforms in galvanized iron and aluminum is 99.7% and 95.8% respectively. As well as, with increasing the voltage and contact time, the removal rate of colifirms in the galvanized iron electrode increases. Totally, the galvanized iron electrode has better removal efficiency of coliforms than aluminum electrode in contact time more than 60 min. The results of this study showed that the electrocoagulation process is an effective method for the removal of coliforms from hospital wastewater at pilot scale and can be used as complementary disinfection method.

Hospital wastewaters contain persistent substances such as microbial factors, deterjents, halogenated organic compounds, hormones, antibiotics, and radioactive isotopes that are produced by a variety of research and treatment activities. This study aimed to remove COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) of hospital wastewater by optimized electro-persulfate process using response surface Methodology In this laboratory study, an electrochemichal batch reactor equipped with four iron electrodes connected to a DC power supply was used for eliminating COD of wastewater. The independent variables (current density, initial pH, H2O2 dosage, persulfate dosage) against COD removal as the dependent variable were investigated using 8.0.6 Design Expert software by the response surface method, and the proposed model was analyzed using ANOVA. The optimal operational condition for COD removal with current density of 40 mA/cm2, initial pH of 5.2, persulfate dosage of 31 mg/L, and hydrogen peroxide dosage of 45 mM was 92.6%. High value of coefficient of determination was 92.4 % and low value of coefficient of variation 4.58%. The response surface method showed that there was an agreement between the predicted values by the model and the results obtained from the experiments. Simultaneous use of two reactives (persulfate/H2O2) increaces the COD removal efficiency. Therefore, it seems that electro-persulfate oxidation with hydrogen peroxide is an effective method for the the removal of hospital wastewater COD. Designing experiment using response surface methodology can show the best conditions for COD removal through reducing the number of experimental tests.

Staphylococcus aureus is known as a bacterial pathogen responsible for a wide range of human infections in hospitals and communities that are difficult to treat. The aim of this study was isolation and determination of antibiotic resistance patterns of methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains isolated from treated hospital sewage in Tehran during 2015.
The filtration system and the oxacillin containing chromogenic Hicrome aureus agar medium was employed to isolate methicillin resistant bacteria. All isolates were identified at the species level using standard biochemical tests and also PCR assay using specific primers for nucA gene, and the presence of mecA gene was also tested. Susceptibility of all MRSA strains to 17 antibiotics was determined using disc diffusion method according to guidelines of Clinical Laboratory and Standard Institute (CLSI). Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of oxacillin and vancomycin were also detected using broth microdilution assay
All 79 isolated colonies from the oxacillin containing medium showed resistance to cefoxitin and were also positive for nucA and mecA genes and were identified as MRSA. All MRSA strains were susceptible to vancomycin, linezolid, quinopristin-dalfopristin and chloramphenicol. Their resistance to penicillin, ciprofloxacin, kanamycin, tobramycin, erythromycin, amikacin, tetracycline, clindamycin, rifampin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, minocycline, gentamicin and nitrofurantoin were 100, 92, 89, 89, 87, 79, 79, 79, 62, 58, 48, 45 and 3% respectively. In this study, 25 antibiotic resistance patterns were identified in which 8% of strains showed susceptibility to all classes of antibiotics expect for penicillin and 92% of strains were resistant to 3-12 antibiotics.
The results of the present study illustrated the presence and persistence of highly resistant different clonal group of MRSA strains in treated hospital sewage. Emergence of these highly resistant potentially pathogenic bacteria in the treated sewage in Tehran could be a serious threat for the public health, which indicating the needs of urgent review to improve the efficiency of hospital sewage treatment systems.

Hospital wastewater due to having pollutants like pharmaceuticals and antibiotics, chemical and heavy metals and … In the absence of proper treatment and its entry into the receiving waters are causing health risks. This study evaluate treatment and the quality of effluents from a single wastewater hospital Behshahr's Shohada gynecology and compare effluent with environmental standards.
The study on wastewater treatment plant was to Descriptive - analytical method 2015-2016 in the hospital A single gynecologic Behshahr's Shohada. In order to determine the sewage quality and efficiency Wastewater treatment plant outlet effluent sampling was performed. Samples of BOD, COD, TDS, TSS, DO, turbidity, free chlorine, fecal coliform and total coliform were analyzed using standard methods.
The average daily water consumption of 33 m3 and the average hospital wastewater generated per bed is 26.4 m3/day. Average parameters BOD, COD, TDS, TSS, DO, turbidity, free chlorine, fecal coliform and total coliform in the outlet effluent treatment plant respectively is 112/25 mg /l, 157 mg / L, 1122/25 mg / L, 138/75 mg / L, 59/5 mg / L, 13 NTU, 1mg / L,4/75 MPN / 100mL, 46 MPN / 100mL.
The results showed that all parameters are above the standard level suitable effluent disposal to receiving the waters were, therefore efficiency is unsuitable the process of and requires management and leadership is more accurate. This wastewater treatment plant also can be used for agricultural use, Discharge into surface waters and catchy wells are not and Total coliform and fecal coliform amounts were measured only by the standards of the Iran Environmental Protection Agency were compatible.

Hospital wastewater is among hazardous wastewater due to its composition of pathogens and toxic chemicals. Discharge of untreated hospital wastewater to environment is hazardous for human and environment. Aims of this study were to identify Operational and Maintenance problems of Extended Aeration Activated sludge process in Golestan Hospital wastewater treatment plant (WTP), Ahwaz, Iran, and to find their solutions.
Sampling period was 6 months of 2015. BOD5, COD, and TSS parameters analysed in the hospital WTP effluent. In addition, VLR, Qr/Q, MLSS, F/M, SVI, HRT, and θc parameters measured in aeration tank, then operational and maintenance parameters calculated.
Results shown that average of operation & maintenance parameters were: F/M = 0.35, HRT = 6 hour, Qr/Q = 64.28 %, VLR = 1.1 Kg BOD/m3.d, MLSS = 2819.36 mg/l, SVI = 144.89 ml/g, θc = 10.93 days.
Results of operational and maintenance parameters shown that biological process behavior of the hospital WTP was Extended Aeration Activated Sludge in past years, but converted to conventional activated sludge process due to increase in hospital beds of clinical and out patients departments , which increased water consumption lead to increase wastewater flow rate. High flow rate lead to increase hydraulic load and diluting organic matter load, so hydraulic retention time and sludge age decreased.

Background and Estrogen is a steroid hormone that enters water sources through urban and hospital waste water and is a serious threat to aquatic organisms, especially fish, and human health. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of municipal and hospital waste water treatment, especially biological treatment in removal of estrogenic compounds.
Estrogens in aqueous samples were determined by tracking. Fifty six samples were obtained from various locations in Ahwaz municipal wastewater treatment plant and hospital waste water treatment facilities within 8 months. The samples were analyzed using Electrochemiluminescence (ECL). The results were reported in units of ng/L.
The average influent and effluent hormone levels in municipal wastewater treatment plant were 58.8 ng/ L and 5.4 ng/L, respectively. In hospital treatment plant the average influent estrogen level was 61.8 ng/L and the average effluent level was 10.8 is ng/L. The results showed that biological treatment using activated sludge can remove significant amounts of estrogen and could reduce its level to a value lower than international standards.
The removal mechanism of estrogen in biological treatment system, especially activated sludge are adsorption and biological degradation. Secondary treatment of wastewater is effective in reducing hormones that could be due to wastewater biological treatment.

Antibiotic resistance Genies causes many problems in hospitals. Dissemination of these agents to the environment is a great concern worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate the concentration of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and presence of antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs) in hospital wastewaters.
in present work, 33 sample from raw hospital wastewater were taken from three hospitals. Heterotrophic plate counts (HPC) method was used to assess the concentration of ARB in hospital wastewater samples. Six conventional antibiotics were selected. Presence of six resistance genes regarding to the selected antibiotics were surveyed in wastewater samples and isolated ARB by PCR method.
Average concentration of ARB in raw hospital wastewater was 3.81 ×107 CFU/100mL. Frequency pattern of ARB in raw hospital wastewater was as follows: ceftazidim(CAZ)> tetracycline(TE)> sulfomethoxazol (STX)> chloramphenicol (CHL)> erythromycin (ER)> and gentamicin(GM), respectively. ARGs in raw wastewater samples were detected more than isolated bacteria. ARGs frequency pattern in wastewater samples were as follows: sul1>cmlA1>ermB>tetW>aac3-1>ctx-m-32.
The results of this study revealed that there are high concentration of ARB and ARGs in hospital wastewaters. Therefore, hospital wastewaters could play an important role in dissemination of ARB and ARGs into the natural environment and therefore, may pose serious public health risks.

Estrogen is a steroid hormone that is in the water and cause risks for aquatic organisms, especially fish is. Estrogenic hormones naturally (caused by endocrine) or artificial (due to hormonal contraceptives such as birth control pills) to sewage and hospital to find. This study aimed to determine the amount of estrogen in the sewage and Golestan and Abuzar hospital in Ahvaz were studied.
Material and Sampling was done by tracking estrogen in the aquatic environment. 56 samples 4 months in different parts of the Golestan and Abuzar hospital wastewater treatment plant in Ahvaz were taken. Sample a little electro luminescence (ECL) were analyzed by laboratory Iranian city of Ahvaz. In this study, different forms of estrogen (estrone, 17-beta-estradiol, estriol, 17-alpha-ethinyl estradiol) has been studied as estrogen.
Mean hormone found in raw wastewater to the Golestan hospital wastewater treatment plant effluent from the treatment plant hormone 69.08 ng/l and 7.28 ng/l mean. Mean testosterone in Ahvaz Abuzar hospital treatment input 70.61 ng/l and 18.94 ng/l is refinery output. According to the results of high impact biological treatment is the removal of estrogenic compounds.
Secondary treatment of sewage is effective in reducing hormones that can do this at this stage of the biological treatment effect.

Beta-lactams are the largest group of antibiotics used by hospitals to treat infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria. Enterobacteriaceae, natural microbiota of the human gastrointestinal tract, represent a large part of bacterial communities colonizing hospital effluents, and they could be a source of genes encoding extended-spectrum-beta-lactamases (ESBLs). Those genes may be transmitted to other bacteria present in sewage and the environment. In this descriptive study, the isolated strains were identified by biochemical methods in accordance with Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Screening and phenotypic confirmatory test for ESBL production were performed using standard double disc diffusion methods. Each initial ESBL screening test isolate was investigated for the presence of bla CTX-M genes via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using gene-specific primers. Of 108 bacterial isolates, 52 (48%) were phenotypically ESBL-positive, but only 32 (29.63%) isolates harbored bla CTX-M gene. Escherichia coli and Citrobacter spp. were the most frequently identified ESBL-positive strains. The results showed that ESBL-genes were presented in the hospital wastewater and could be threat for public health.

Hospital wastewater including nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorous especially, that with discharge in environment result in problems in water ecosystem, animals and human health. Therefore, the aim of this study is determination of Nitrogen and phosphorous simultaneous removal from hospital wastewater by intermittent cycle extended aeration system (ICEAS). In this descriptive – sectional study, at the first was designed a Plexiglas column. Then, after microorganism's adaption period and start of loading principle stages, 180 samples collected from wastewater of mixing without aeration stage, influent and effluent from system. TN, TKN, NH4-N, organic-N, NO2-, NO3-, TP parameters were measurement according to standard methods. Finally, data analyzed by Design Expert software. According to experiments, removal efficiency of TP, organic-N, NH4-N, TKN and TN was obtained %26-%90, %16-%95.3, %27-%94.6, %30-%95 and %17.5- %90, respectively. Effluent nitrite and nitrate concentration were 0.36-3.16 mg/l and 1.24-6.3 mg/l, respectively. Maximum of removal efficiency noted parameters achieved in maximum HRT (6hr) and MLSS (6000 mg/l). ICEAS system isn’t special process for nitrogen and phosphorous removal but in suitable condition of operation can remove above parameters with high efficiency. This system can be used in real scale.

Waste effluents from hospitals contain high numbers of resistant bacteria. Among resistant strainsو Gram negative bacilli are able to survive for a long time in the environment and act as natural reservoirs of resistant genes. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of antibiotic resistant Gram negative bacilli and the plasmid profile of multi resistant bacteria in hospital effluents. In this experimental study, the antibiotic resistance patterns of the isolated strains were assayed by disc diffusion method. The isolates were identified by biochemical methods in accordance with Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Plasmid extraction was carried out by alkaline lysis technique. A total of 320 bacterial isolates were picked from the sewage samples. Gram-negative rods represented the main bulk (62. 5%), followed by Gram-positive rods (34. 4%) and Gram positive cocci (3. 1%). The most common isolates were Escherichia coli (33%) followed by Psudomonas aeruginosa (17 %). The gram-negative rods were tested for their susceptibility for eight antibiotics. The results showed that gentamicin and cefttriaxone were the most effective antibiotics and ampicillin had the least efficacy. The results also showed that all of the isolates were multi-drug resistant and 6% of them were resistant to all of the tested antibiotics. Isolates with high multi-drug resistance profiles were found to possess multiple plasmids with sizes in the range of 1. 5 to 24. 5 KB. The results show that the multi-drug resistant bacteria are present in the hospital waste and could be threat for public health.

In recent years, crisis of water shortage has become a serious problem in many countries. In this regard, the use of treated wastewater in natural or artificial method in agriculture and the like, has been proposed as an important and practical solution. The natural purification method by the use of artificial canebrakes, compared with other methods of treatment is an appropriate method because of its low cost, and also, because of easy navigation, the requirements of low technology and low energy consumption. Several herbs have been used to increase the efficiency canebrakes which including special plants to purify such wastewater is Vetiveria that has unique genetic, morphological and physiological characteristics. Due to the limited knowledge of the plant's industrial wastewater treatment, in this study, a comparison of filterablity of hospital wastewater was done between Vetivaria and bulrush in tropical areas. This experimental study was done in 2013 in the hot season, summer. In this study, was made two pilot glass with dimensions of 50*60*100 Cm. A mixture of soil, sand, gravel, clay soil was selected. The irrigation method in this study was subsurface and continuous. First, hospital wastewater via a 220 liter tank as the primary sedimentation retention time and with time of 2 hours entered into bed with a hydraulic retention time of 4 days to discharge 85/0 liters per hour. To evaluate the efficiency of each plant in the treatment of hospital wastewater, chemical parameters including (PH, TP, TN, TSS, BOD5, COD)were measured according to standard methods of measuring.. Analysis of the data was done by the use of t-test and Mann-Whitney and SPSS software. Based on the finding of this study, percentage of removal parameter(Bod5,Tss,Tn,Tp) by plant Vetiveria was (88.54,95.71,93.93,99.80) and for bulrush was (82.54,91.13,86.64,99.28). Due to the unique characteristics of Vetiveria, such as high resistance against unfavorable environmental conditions and its higher efficiency than bulrush, this plant is recommended for the treatment of hospital wastewater.

Vancomycin، as β-lactam classes of antibiotics، is widely used for treating infectious diseases in hospitals. Therefore، it is necessary to establish a method for precise measurement of vancomycin in hospital sewage as an emerging pollutant that causes bacterial resistance.

In this study، solid phase extraction was used for separation of vancomycin from hospital wastewater. Vancomycin recovery rate were investigated at pH 3 and 7. The extracted samples were passed through a C18 column at 20 °C using different ratios of mobile phase of acetate/acetonitrile buffer with flow rate of 0. 8 ml min-1. The quantity of vancomycin in samples was detected by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) equipped with UV detector at 240 nm wave length.

The best condition for extraction was achieved at pH=7 with a recovery of 89%. Better results were obtained by mobile phase of acetate/acetonitrile buffer with volume ratio of 89:11 at pH=4. The linearity coefficients (R2) of 0. 97 and 0. 96 were obtained for vancomycin concentration ranges of 1-45 and 50-120 µg l-1 at optimum condition، respectively. Limit of Detection (LOD) and Limit of Quantification (LOQ) were calculated as 3 and 10 µg l-1 respectively. Also، variations in precision of both hourly and daily measurements of standard solution were less than 10%.

The results of this study might be applied as a specific method for extraction and analysis of vancomycin antibiotic in hospital sewage samples.

The discharge wastewater of hospital into surface and groundwater to be provide the major risks and challenges for the human. So, this study is an attempt to be examined the treatment and disposal of hospital wastewater status in Kermanshah Province in 2011-12. This study is a descriptive - analytic study was conducted that included all hospitals in Kermanshah province (19 private and public hospitals). Tools and methods of data collection through the Czech list (including 18 questions about general and specific information on the status of hospital treatment and sewage disposal) that were matched with the person. Finally the resulting data were recorded in the form of tables and graphs. The results showed that total of 19 hospitals, 7 hospitals (36.8% of all hospitals) have a wastewater treatment system in use (active), 5 hospitals (24.4%) with a wastewater treatment system inactive and 7 Hospital (36.8 %) do not have a wastewater treatment plant. According to numerous risks that humans and the environment are faced with result in hospital wastewater discharged into municipal sewers, so the lack of wastewater treatment in 12 hospitals (63.15%) is concerned. So getting policies for the construction of wastewater treatment systems in all hospital and operation by companies and professionals in the field, chlorinated raw sewage (wastewater treated if possible) to reduce pollution entering the collection and treatment network House of sewage, Adequately monitor the health authorities, water companies and other related organizations are alternatives that can be very effective to meet the standards required in a hospital and Environmental Management System (ISO14000) in set of management processes to improve the quality adjustment of hospital waste.

Drugs residual discharge into the environment through municipal and hospital wastewaters is one of the emergent environmental problems. Imipenem as a professional hospital antibiotic is widely used against gram- positive and negative bacteria and with entrance to the aquatic environments could prompt a lot of risks such as bacteria resistance, allergies, spoiling alga and daphnia and interrupting in wastewater treatment processes. Therefore there is a command to develop a method for extraction and determination of Imipenem from hospital sewage. Solid phase extraction (SPE) was used to extract Imipenem from samples. Recovery percentage calculated at different pH of 3 and 7. The extracted samples analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) equipped with UV detector. HPLC operated using borate buffer/methanol as mobile phase at flow rate of 0.7 ml/min, column temperature of 20 °C, and UV wavelength of 280-300 nm. Maximum recovery percentage was obtained 68% at pH=7. The best condition for HPLC was 80:20 ratio of borate buffer/methanol with pH=7.5 and at UV wavelength of 300 nm. Linearity calculated 0.9829, primary and intermediate precision both were more than 95%. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 3 and 10 µg/l respectively. The method could simply and with significant reliability be applied to extract and determinate Imipenem in complex hospital wastewater matrixes.