جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « متی مازول » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Hypothyroidism among patients with endocrine glands is the most common disease after diabetes. In hypothyroidism, the secretion of the hormone that regulates the metabolism is reduced. This study aimed to investigate the effect of hydro-alcoholic ginger extract as the drug to increase the metabolism on the amount of glucose in normal and hypothyroidism rats.

To perform this test, 60 male Wistar rats were divided into six groups, and the control group did not receive any material. The controls received 0.1 mL of saline solution for 24 days. The experimental group 1 received 60 mg/kg of methimazole for 24 days. The experimental group 2 received ginger hydroalcoholic extracts of 400 mg/kg, experimental groups 3 and 4 received methimazole 60 mg/kg and simultaneously ginger hydroalcoholic extract with doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg for 24 days, respectively. Moreover, 48 h after the first injection, anesthesia was performed using ether, and the blood sample of their heart was collected. The amount of glucose was measured by an autoanalyzer machine. The collected data was analyzed in SPSS software using ANOVA.

There was a significant increase in the amount of glucose in the blood sample of experimental group 1, compared to the control group. A significant decrease was observed in groups 3 and 4 after using hydro-alcoholic ginger extract.

Based on the results, it can be predicted that using ginger can decrease the amount of glucose in the blood of patients with hypothyroidism.

The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of clinical hyperthyroidism at the national and sub-national levels using the claims data.

National anti-thyroid medications (methimazole and propylthiouracil) sales data in 2014 were extracted from pharmaceutical sales data that were reported by Iranchr('39')s Food and Drug Administration (FDA). By using prescriptions data of Social Security Insurance Organization (SSIO) and Medical Services Insurance Organization (MSIO) in 2014, age-sex-province proportions of drug consumptions and Defined Daily Dose (DDD) of anti-thyroid medications were calculated. Moreover, by systematic review and meta-analysis of published literatures in hyperthyroidism in Iran, the prescription rate of anti-thyroid medications was calculated. Finally by using the whole data, the prevalence of clinical hyperthyroidism was estimated in each age and sex groups in national and provincial levels.

The prevalence (95% confidence interval) of clinical hyperthyroidism in Iran in 2014 is 0.32% (0.21-0.51%); 0.44% (0.29-0.68%) in females and 0.2% (0.12-0.33%) in males. Among provinces the least prevalence rate of clinical hyperthyroidism is 0.24% (0.16-0.38%) which belongs to Sistan and Baluchistan, and the highest prevalence rate is 0.38% (0.24-0.6%) which belongs to Gilan.

The prevalence rate that reported by this study is compatible with other surveys which performed in the world and Iran. As a result using claims data is a good source to predict prevalence of chronic diseases that have specific drugs.

Thyroid hormones play critical roles in regulating body metabolism, reproduction, fertility, and the continuation of fertility and delivery. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the effects of thyroid hormones on fertility rate, duration of pregnancy, childbirth success rate, number of neonates and weight of one-day old female mice. 30 adult female mice were selected with the mean weight of 28 g and divided into three groups: Control group, pure water, low dose group, receiving 20 mg/100 ml, and high dose group receiving 100 mg/100 ml of Methimazole powder dissolved in water until the end of pregnancy. In each group, the duration of pregnancy, the number of successful delivery and the weight of newborns were evaluated on the first day of birth. Also, after the end of pregnancy, the mice were sacrificed, then blood samples were taken and the serum levels of thyroid hormones level were measured. In this study, SPSS software version 22 and one way ANOVA were used to analyze the data. The rate of successful delivery among different groups were as follows: 9/10 in control group, 8/10 in low dose group and 4/10 in high does group in which the reduction rate was statistically significant compared to the control group (P = 0.032) .The pregnancy period in both experimental groups did not show a significant increase compared to the control group, the number of newborns in each successful delivery showed a significant decrease compared to the control group in both experimental groups (low dose 0.039, high dose 0.042). The study suggests that reducing thyroid hormone after insemination can also affect embryo-fetal development, reducing births and increasing abortions.

Thyroid hormones play a role in cell growth regulation, metabolism, and body trace elements. These hormones, copper and zinc are effective on fertility. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of thyroid function on the amount of copper and zinc in rat seminal plasma.

Twenty four male Wistar rats divided in 3 groups (n = 8) including: control group, hypothyroid groups which treated by methimazole low dose (20 mg in 100 ml of drinking water) and which treated by methimazole high dose (100 mg in 100 ml of drinking water). At the end of a 42-day treatment period, blood samples were taken from animals under deep anesthesia. Serum samples were collected from blood, and semen plasma samples were collected from seminal vesicle. The body and testis of animal were weighted. Hematocrit (HCT) was determined. Serum levels of thyroxin hormone (T4) were measured by Radioimmunoassay. The content of the Copper (Cu) and Zinc (Zn) in the seminal plasma was determined with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry.

Methimazole decreased the serum T4 level (p < 0.001), Zn in the seminal plasma (p < 0.001) and relative weight of the testes (p < 0.01) in a significant and dose-dependent manner. Hematocrit level decreased in two hypothyroid groups (p < 0.001). The testis weight and Cu in the seminal plasma reduced in the high dose treatment group (p < 0.01).

Methimazole or hypothyroidism induced by methimazole attenuated zinc concentration in seminal plasma, testes relative weight and Hematocrit level. However, copper reduction in the seminal plasma occurred only by high dose of methimazole.

Backgrounds & In addition to their genomic actions, thyroid hormones (THs) can modulate the immune responses through cell surface receptors. One of these is the antiviral effect of THs. Methimazole, as an anti-thyroid compound, is widely used to treat hyperthyroid patients. It also reduces blood leukocytes, granulocytes in particular, and thereby may affect the immune response. Recently, we reported that methimazole-induced hypothyroidism intensifies herpes simplex virus-1(HSV-1) infectivity. To determine whether the effect is mediated through alterations in circulating leukocytes, we assessed the HSV-1 infectivity and circulating leukocytes in methimazole-induced hypothyroid rat. Male Sprague Dawley rats received methimazole (200 μg/ml) in their drinking water for 2 weeks. Rats were then inoculated with a non-lethal single dose of HSV-1, and sacrificed 3 days later to harvest their spleen. Spleen extract was prepared, and virus yield was determined by evaluation of cytopathic effects (CPE) induced by the extract in a Vero cell culture system. For quantitative analysis, standard method of Reed-Muench was employed. The routine Wright’s staining protocol was used for blood leukocytes differential count. The CPE development was significantly increased in the cell cultures exposed to the spleen extract of methimazole-treated animals (P < 0.05), indicating a higher virus yield and intensified virus infectivity. However, the effect of methimazole on blood leukocytes was minimal. Our data suggest that methimazole increases the susceptibility to HSV-1 infection, at least in part, by blocking THs synthesis but not alterations in circulating leukocytes.

Thyroid gland is one of the biggest endocrine glands. Its hormones are important in growth، development and metabolism of body. The normal activity of thyroid depends on the presence of some trace elements because they are required for the synthesis and metabolism of thyroid hormones. Trace elements such as copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) have important role in the regulation of physiological processes. They are important for maintaining thyroid health and its normal functions. The aim of this study was to investigate serum Cu، Zn، T3، T4 levels، body mass and thyroid changes in methimazole-induced hypothy-roidism by two different doses. Twenty-one adult male rats divided into three groups. The control group received drinking water. Treated groups received two doses of meth-imazole (MMI); low dose group، 20mg/ 100ml in drinking water and high dose group، 100mg/100ml in drinking water، for 42 days. At the end of experiment، the animals were weighed. After anaesthesia and scarification، blood samples were obt-ainned. Serum levels of thyroid hormones and the trace elements، Zn and Cu، were determined by radioimmunoassay and fla-meless atomic absorption methods، respect-tively. The weight of thyroid glands was also measured. The results of the study showed that MMI-induced hypothyroidism decree-sed serum levels of T4، T3، Zn، Cu and body weight but increased thyroid weight in the treatment groups as compared with the control group (P> 0. 05). These effects were more obvious in high dose treatment group. Discussion & This study sug-gests that MMI-induced hypothyroidism decreased thyroid hormones، Zn، Cu elem-ents، body weight but increased thyroid weight. It seems that hypothyroidism exert some of the effects through the decreasing of the elements، Zn and Cu.

Thyroid hormones play an important role in the regulation of metabolism, maturity and reproduction. Thyroid dysfunction affects almost all endocrine glands such as pituitary and testis. The aim of this study was to investigate alterations of testosterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) serum levels as well as weights of thyroid gland and testes in methimazole (MMI)-induced hypothyroidism. Twenty-one adult male rats weighing 185 g were divided into 3 groups. The control group received drinking water, while treated groups received two doses of methimazole; low dose (20 mg/dl in drinking water) and high dose (100 mg/dl in drinking water), for 42 days. At the end of the experiments, rats were anesthetized and sacrificed and serum samples were obtained. Serum levels of hormones were measured by radioimmunoassay. Weights of testes and thyroid gland were determined after sacrifice. Results showed that the use of methimazole decreased serum levels of T4, T3, testosterone and LH as well as the weight of testes, while it increased the weight of thyroid gland compared to control group. These effects were more clear in the high dose group. This study suggests that MMI–induced hypothyroidism causes a significant decrease in serum levels of thyroid hormones, testosterone and LH. Hypothyroidism also decreases the weight of testes, while it increases the weight of thyroid in rat. These effects were dose-dependent.

The major complication of radioiodine therapy for thyrotoxicosis is hypoth-yroidism, the long-term management of which is often problematic. In this study, the long-term effects of continuous methimazole (MMI) therapy are investigated.

One hundred and thirty-two patients, aged between 36-66 years, with Graves recurrence, were semi randomly randomized in 2 groups for continuous antithyroid and radioiodine treatment. The number of thyroid dysfunctions in each patient were recorded and serum TSH, FT4, Anti TPO, TRAb, FBS, HOMA IR, and lipid profiles were measured. Bone mineral density and echocar-diography were performed.

There was no significant differences in age, duration of symptoms and thyroid function between the 2 groups. No serious complications occurred in the MMI group and no difference in any of parameters was seen between groups 1 and 2. Goiter rate and anti TPO concentration were higher in group 1 than in group 2. Serum triglycerides and cholesterol were increased in group 2 as compared to group 1. Bone mineral density was more reduced in group 2, especially in the spine. Echocardiography showed diastolic dysfunction in group 2 as compared to group 1. Some parameters in neuro-pschyciatric evaluation were significantly better in the MMI group, as compared to the radioiodine one.

Considering it is a safe treatment and has fewer complications, methimazole is another option for patients with recurrent Graves', who do not wish to use radioiodine.

Background :

 Recent studies have shown normal thyroid function in infants whose mothers receive methimazole (MMI) during breast-feeding. This study evaluates the long-term effect of MMI on thyroid function and intellectual development of such children.

Methods : 

82 children aged 48-86 months were studied. 42 children had been breast-fed while their thyrotoxic lactating mothers received daily doses of MMI 20-30 mg in the first, 10 mg in the second and 5-10 mg for additional 10 months of therapy. Thyroid function of infants remained normal during the one year of MMI therapy of their mothers. 40 other infants served as controls. Serum T4, T3, and TSH concentrations, urinary iodine, thyroid antibodies, intelligent quotient (IQ), verbal and functional (performance) components (Wechsler and Goodenough tests) were measured in all children of case and control groups.

Results :

 Height, weight, serum T4, T3, TSH and antithyroid antibody titers were not differed between children of case and control groups. The mean IQ was 107±17 vs 106±16 (Goodenough test) and 103±10 vs 103±16 (Wechsler test) for children of thyrotoxic mothers and control children, respectively. There was no difference in verbal and functional IQ and their components between children of thyrotoxic MMI treated mothers and control children.

Conclusion : 

Thyroid function and physical and intellectual development of breast–fed infants whose thyrotoxic lactating mothers were treated with MMI are normal at age 48 to 86 months.

Graves disease is the most prevalent form of thyroxicosis (60-80%), which is caused by an autoimmune reaction. Treating with antithyroid drugs usually lead to prolonged remission in 30%-40% of cases. Paradoxically it is assumed that adding thyroid hormones to the therapy would give more bebefits because of preventing the feedback of TSh to further stimulate the thyroid gland after using antithyroid drug. In this study we compared the effect of adding levothyroxine to the routine therapy in reducing the relapse of thyrotoxicosis.

This was a clinical-trial study in which we compared the two regimens of metimazole plus levothrixine (regimen A), with metimazole alone(regima B), in reducing the graves diseases relapses.

In this 7 years study, 262 patients finished the trial. 137 were assign as group A and 125 cases were assigned to group B. randomely. Graves was most prevalent in 3rd to 5th decades. 52.3% of disease had grade II Goiter. The rate of relapse was 36.4% in group A and 61.6% in group B. during 3 years after discontinuation of therapy.

The peak age of prevalence was found out to be lower than eastern reports (3-5 in comparison to 5-6 decades). Clinical manifestations was not significantly different from other studies. The two regimen results were compared by Or method and calculating Or, in grade I goiter was 0.27 and in grade II was 0.29, grade III was 0.32, which has a meaningful difference and implies regimen A is effective in reducing the prolonged rate of relapse but in garde Iv goiter, there is not significant difference in relapsing in two group.