جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « میزان شیوع » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Introduction and Aim: Domestic violence is a general and universal problem that destroys the body of the family and society. It threatens the mental, physical, and emotional health of individuals. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the prevalence of domestic violence in pregnant women and its relationship with personal characteristics of women and their spouses at health centers in Sanandaj city in 2015-2016.
This cross-sectional and descriptive-analytic study was conducted in 2015-2016 and 375 women who referred to health centers of Sanandaj for the first time after delivery were selected based on their purpose. The data gathering tool was a questionnaire completed by interview. Data were analyzed by SPSS software and Chi-square test. P value less than 0.01 was statistically significant.
The results showed that more than 50% of women undergone domestic violence during pregnancy. 73.4% of the women in the study underwent psychological violence, 12.2% of them physical violence, 11.2% economic violence and 2.3% of them were victims of sexual violence. Also, there was a significant relationship between domestic violence and education level (P = 0.05), number of children (p = 0.05), number of married years (p = 0.01). Moreover, there was a relationship between level of education and career of spouses (p = 0.001) p) with domestic violence.
The results showed that violence is more likely to occur in lower social classes and low literacy level of society.

Musculoskeletal disorders are the most common occupational injuries and constitute a huge global health problem with substantial economic and human cost as well as negative impact on the quality of life. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and level of risk among the workers of the assembly line of a battery factory.
In this descriptive cross-sectional study performed in 2013, 138 workers aged between 20 and 46 years from assemble line of a battery construction company that have been selected randomly and filled out the NORDIC questionnaire.
Also, for the assessing physical posture during work, RULA method were applied and filled out by researcher. Statistical analyzing were done by SPSS (v.21).
On the basis of the findings of this study majority of the recruited population suffer from upper back 42 Workers(%30.4) and neck pain 36 workers (%26.1) and lower back pain 25 workers (%18.1) then by knee pain 16 workers (%11.6) respectively. Also results of RULA method analyzing showed that risk level score for 31.2, 53.1 and 15.6% of all postures were 4, 3 and 2 respectively.
The prevalence of MSDs in the workers was high. Most of postures are needed to be corrected because of high score in RULA method. Based on the obtained results, the most significant ergonomic problems in workers were found to be awkward postures, manual material handling and back bending and twisting.

The HTLV virus known as first human Retrovirus and it’s a part of the Oncoviridea family. An important feature of virus is geographic prevalence district that the North of Razavy Khorasan province (Northeast of Iran) is endemic for HTLV infection. The aim of this study is HTLV1, 2 infection's prevalence rate in children, teenage and juveniles who refers to Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR)-Mashhad laboratory in Nyshabor in this study. This cross – sectional descriptive-analytical study was performed on 1169 patients by ELISA method (Dia.pro diagnostic bioprobes, Italy) from August 2013 to August 2014 in this Center. The variables are genus and age. HTLV1, 2 infections were positive in 3.33% (39/1169) of the participants according to the results of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Infection was significantly associated with age and genus of participants. Despite screening programs, frequent reports of many scholars and make awareness of people, the high prevalence of the virus in childhood, adolescence and youth in Nyshabor, is a big concern. So to solve this problem demands more effort and better ways for more learning of people.

It seems that the prevalence of Musculoskeletal Disorder (MSD) in laptop users is high although relatively few studies had focus in this group. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of discomfort and pain in laptop user subjects and identifying the common adopted posture during usage of laptop. This descriptive cross sectional study was targeted at a group of 300 students aged between 20 and 30 who use laptop at work or at school in Tehran, Iran. A questionnaire was used for data gathering. Descriptive analytic methods were used to show prevalence rate of musculoskeletal pain. The results showed 77.3% of users reported at least one musculoskeletal complaint after using laptop. Among these neck trouble was the most prevalent MSD (60.3%), followed by wrist (27.3%) and right shoulder trouble (26%). Nearly 45% of subjects adopted kyphotic posture during laptop usage. The most common places where laptop was placed on were on the lap 28.7% and 24% on the office desk. On the base of Visual Analog scale the grade 4 was the most pain that was reported. The study has demonstrated that laptop usage causes musculoskeletal pains among students at work and in school and it is associated with the duration of use and adopted postures.

Epidemiological study of mental disorders is essential for estimating mental health burden, prevalence of mental disorders and health needs, the aim of this study was to determine epidemiological of mental disorders in teenagers of 15 and higher in rural areas of Birjand city in 2011. In this cross-sectional study selected 504 persons 15 years and older by systematic random sampling from rural areas of Birjand city. Data collection instrument was ScL90-R that reliability was 0.88, by using of Cronbach Alpha coefficient. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 15 and Chi-Square statistical tests at 0.05 significant levels. According to the results 154 (30.6%) cases had mental disorders. Prevalence of mental disorders was significantly higher in female than male, and in divorcees and widows than married women (p<0.05). However there were no significant differences in age categories and household size. Prevalence of mental disorders in rural areas of Birjand city is higher than other parts of the country, and need attention and accomplishment of rural mental health plan to prevent and treat neurological and psychiatric disorders.

Background and Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is the most common neurological disorder in young adults that leads to their disability. This study aimed to evaluate the epidemiological characteristics of MS in Kermanshah, Iran in 2012. In this descriptive study, total of 448 MS patients in Kermanshah were studied. Data for this study were derived from patients’ files, whom were members of MS Society in Kermanshah. SPSS software was used for this research. The prevalence of MS in Kermanshah was 43.3 in 100,000 population, that the rate for women and men were 65.6 and 21.9 in 100,000 population, respectively. The onset for this disease was 30.8 years and the age-group of 30-34 years devoted the highest proportion of its morbidity to itself (20.1%). 1.2% of patients had familial history of MS in first-degree relatives. Sensory disturbances are the highest manifestations of MS onset (24.1%). 42.6% of patients have been diagnosed within 6 months after the onset of symptoms. According to the results of this study, there was a high prevalence of MS in Kermanshah and the incidence of this disease was more probable among youths (especially in women). Furthermore, more comprehensive studies are required on epidemiological data and risk factors of MS.

Food insecurity is defined as the limited or uncertain availability of enough food for an always active and healthy life. Diabetes mellitus, one of the most common metabolic diseases, has been associated with significant morbidity and mortality and it is considered a health priority in Iran. Recent studies indicate the widespread prevalence of food insecurity and diabetes mellitus in Iranian society. This study reviews the status of food insecurity and effective socio-economic factors in people with type 2 diabetes.

This cross-sectional study was performed on 135 patients, aged between 30 and 55, who had recently been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and food insecurity status were assessed using demographic and the 18-item USDA household food security questionnaires, respectively. Physical activity also was evaluated by MET, physical activity questionnaire. Data were analyzed by Chi-square, t-test, and logistic regression.

Prevalence of food insecurity was 66.7%. Food insecurity was significantly associated with economic status, education level, income, having child under 18 years of age, family size, and number of children (p<0.05); however, there was not a significant relationship between food insecurity and occupation, marital status, family history of diabetes, high blood pressure and heart disease, age, and the amount of physical activity.

Considering the higher prevalence of food insecurity in diabetic patients, it can be said that it is likely that the incidence of diabetes is higher in food insecure people.

Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency in children. Iron supplements are recommended for controlling iron deficiency in infants in developing countries. The aim of this survey was to study the prevalence and related factors of non-consumption and irregular consumption of iron drop in infants aged 7-24 months in Urmia. This cross-sectional study was done in all health centers of Urmia city in 2009. 400 questionnaires were completed by females whose babies were between 7-24 months old. The cases were selected by systematic random method. The data were analyzed by SPSS, Chi square test, Fisher exact test, and T-test. According to the results of this study, 14% of children did not consume iron drops, and among consumers %14.24 consumed regularly and %85.76 consume irregularly. Most important causes in non-consumers was child refusal, child vomiting (after use) and most important causes in irregular consume was parent's forgetting the medication or child refusal. We observed significant relationship between iron drop consumption and mother educational level (p<0.001). The prevalence rate of irregular consumption in Urmia infants is in high level and the prevalence rate of none-consumption is in considerable level that most important causes are parental forget, child refusal to eat iron drop and child vomiting (after use).

Pattern of cutaneous diseases in military centers is different from the society due to presence of predisposing factors in these centers. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence rate and related factors of common cutaneous diseases in a non-educational military center.

In this cross-sectional study a sample of 809 persons were selected by census sampling method and examined in year 2008. Subjects with suspicious lesions were referred to laboratory. Data was analyzed using SPSS 15 by descriptive and analytical statistical methods including Chi square and logistic regression.

26.2% of the study subjects suffered from skin diseases. The disease distribution pattern was as follows: acne (8.9%), dermatitis (8.8%), pityriasis (3.1%), warts (1.9%), psoriasis (0.7%) tinea versicolor (0.7%), hair loss (0.5%), urticaria (0.4%) leishmaniosis (0.4%) burning scar (0.4%) and cutaneous tuberculosis (0.1%). The prevalence rate of cutaneous diseases was significantly different regarding the bathing frequency and residence place (p<0.05)

According to the high proportion of contagious cutaneous diseases among the observed diseases, it is strongly recommended to examine soldiers at their first entry to military centers. Periodic physical examinations in order to control the contagious cutaneous diseases are also necessary.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) has been endemic in Bam district for many years and several epidemics have already occurred. Following a silent period, another outbreak of CL occurred after the earthquake in 2003. This study was performed to find the trend of CL during 20 years (1988-2007) in Bam district. In a retrospective study, data of 29395 CL patients were collected from medical records of Center for CL Control and Treatment and also from previous published studies and analyzed. Before the earthquake there were three periods of outbreak, control and silent. The highest prevalence (8.3%, 6734 cases) was in 2000, whereas the lowest (0.2%, 215 cases) was in 2003 just prior to the earthquake. Again, in 2006 CL prevalence increased to an epidemic level (2.6%, 2880 cases). During these 20 years, age of patients has increased and after the earthquake males infected more than females. Lesion sites has changed from face to hands and legs. The causative agent and the vector have been Leishmania tropica and phlebotomus sergenti, respectively. Epidemiology of CL varies with environmental changes and due to the immunity after infection, the incidence rate becomes equivalent to the birth rate. Increase in the prevalence of CL after the earthquake is mainly due to the immigration of non–immune individuals to this area. In endemic areas with frequent natural disasters such as earthquake, it is very essential to consider preventive programs in advance.

Coronary artery diseases are the most common cardiovascular diseases and considered as the main cause of mortality in the world and in Iran. A set of risk factors interfere to make these diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate risk factors of coronary artery diseases in patients with myocardial infraction.

This case-control study was conducted on 60 patients with myocardial infarction admitted in cardiac care unit of Fatemieh hospital (as case group) and other 60 patients admitted in ENT and eye ward of Amiralmomenin hospital (as control group) in Semnan, Iran. The data collection tool was checklist, and the patients were evaluated regarding four main modifiable risk factors of coronary artery diseases as smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia.

The findings showed that 71.7% of the patients with myocardial infarction were male, the mean age of patients with myocardial infarction was 62.9 years, and the most common risk factors were smoking and hypertension, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between two groups relative to the prevalence of the risk factors as smoking, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia, but the difference was not statistically significant for diabetes. Odd's ratio relative to smoking, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and diabetes were 2.95, 2.25, 2.78, and 2, respectively. Odd's ratio relative to smoking, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia were significant, but it was not significant relative to diabetes.

The results indicated that smoking, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia are the most common risk factors in patient with myocardial infarction. Smoking with the highest Odd's ratio is the most important risk factor. Because these risk factors are modifiable, therefore, knowing them and taking actions to modify them are very important in reducing the risk of myocardial infarction and related mortality.

Considering the importance and the role of low birth weight in the mortality and morbidity of neonates and the costs of care, the aim of this study is to determine the incidence and related factors of low birth weight in Hajar hospital in Shahr-e-Kord

This cross-sectional study was carried out on 5102 infants who were born in Hajar hospital during the year 2005. Data was gathered from mother, pediatrics physician (physical examination), and mothers’ and infants’ records. SPSS was used for data analysis (Chi-square and multiple logistic regression tests) and P<0.05 was considered significant.

Out of 5102 infants, 434 (8.5%) were low birth weight (CI=7.5%-9.5%). The Odds ratio of low birth weight was about 16.5 in multifetal pregnancy versus singleton pregnancy, and about 10 in the gestational age less than 37 weeks versus gestational age more than or equal to 37 weeks (P<0.0001). Low birth weight was seen 2.5 folds in females infants compared with the males (P=0.04). Also, it was 2.75 folds in the mothers aged less than 20 years versus the mothers aged more than or equal to 20 years (P=0.04). Primiparous women had Low birth weight infabnts 3.69 folds incomparison with the multiparous women (P=0.01). In logistic regression, multifetal pregnancy, prematurity and sex were determined as the most important factors related to low birth weight.

The incidence of low birth weight in Hajar hospital in shahrekord was similar to the other sites in Iran. Prevention of preterm labor, educational intervention programs for high risk mothers specially the young women aged less than 20 years and primiparous and promotion of the quality of prenatal cares in multifetal pregnancis can be effective in prevention of low birth weight.

Tobacco use mainly begins since adolescence. According to susceptibility of adolescents to high risk behavior such as tobacco use, this study designed to evaluate prevalence and some determinants of tobacco use among secondary and high school students in Pakdasht and Damavand cities. We carried out an analytic cross-sectional study among secondary and high school students by using an anonymous self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire was completed by 2618 eligible students aged 13 and 15 years. History and current use of tobacco and also their feeling about their health in a spectrum from excellent to bad were evaluated. 26.1% of boys and 21.1% of girls had history of tobacco use (p=0.003). Mean age (±standard deviation) at which smoking started was 12.3±2.69 and 12.7±2.01 for boys and girls, respectively. 13.3% of secondary school and 13.7% of high school students were tobacco users at the time of study. Mean daily consumption of tobacco was 3.4 and 2.2 percent among secondary and high school students, respectively. No-users of tobacco had the better feeling of health than tobacco users (p=0.0005). This study showed higher prevalence of tobacco use among secondary school than high school students. According to beginning of tobacco use before high school in majority of students, early prevention programs should be performed in secondary school students.

Infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) may be accompanied by serious long-term sequel such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. One of the transmission routes of HCV is by blood or blood products transfusion. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence and risk factors of HCV among blood donors and their motivation for blood donation in Shiraz Blood Transfusion Organization in 2007. This case control study was performed on the blood donors who attended for blood donation in Shiraz blood transfusion center between January 2007 and January 2008. A number of 150 donors with HCV infection, documented serologically with ELISA and RIBA test, were considered as cases and 300 donors with negative result for HCV in the screening tests were defined as controls. A questionnaire including the flowing three sections was prepared: 1- demographic status 2- motivation for blood donation 3- risk factors. Samples were randomly selected from blood donors. They were invited to enroll the study and filled up the questionnaires. Between Jan 2007 and Jan 2008, a total number of 93987 persons presented for blood donation to the department, of which 203 had a positive result for HCV test. Therefore, the prevalence of HCV was 0.21 % among the blood donors. 10.5 % of these donors had a positive result for HIV test as well; however, none of them were positive for HBV infection. HCV infection was more prevalent in male, married, first-time and low educated blood donors (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in their average ages (P>0.05). The motivation of control was more for altruistic reason and in case group was more for positive effect on their health and check up. The transmission risk of HCV infection was greater in blood donors who had a previous history of IV drug abuse in compared with those were not drug addict (OR=62.7). In addition, the transmission risk of HCV infection was greater in blood donors who had unsafe sexual contact compared to those had never sex before (OR=11.7). In this study, the prevalence of hepatitis C infection was 0.21% that it was lower than other studies in other countries. This might be due to a lower prevalence of HCV infection in our general population, a lower prevalence of HCV in the blood donors or due to a better donor selection. In addition, the main risk factor of hepatitis C in the study was IV drug abuse, which is similar to other studies

This study has been performed to assess the prevalence of behavioral disorders among the school-boys & girls in Ilam during two complete years of 2005 & 6. The investigation has been accomplished in a cross-sectional comparative descriptive approach. All the school-boys and girls of elementary grade (including a total number of 7858 boys and 7425 girls) of 2005-6 academic year were covered as the statistic at community by the search. A screening method was used to select a sample group of 840 students for investigation. Rutter questionnaires and specific from for teachers were applied as the means of this study. The results showed a 5.5% prevalence of behavioral disorder among the elementary students of which 2.42% stood for the girls while 3.08% for the boys. It was also found out that the most rate of disorders are held to be related to lack of care (by the second person), and over-activity, while the least of it goes for unfriendly treatments. It is concluded that the major causes of behavioral disorders among elementary school-students are held to be due to lack of adequate care and over-activity, while inconvenient behaviors are of the least effects. Thus, a significant relation was observed between variables of sex, school-grade, age, literacy degree of parents and the student's behavioral disorders. Furthermore, the finds also proved a reason for such disorders to be cause of retardation in the process of school progresses.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis is an important public health problem in many tropical and sub-tropical countries including Iran. In Iran, it presents in two forms of anthroponotic CL (ACL) and zoonotic CL (ZCL). Bam is one of the oldest foci of ACL and the earthquake of 2003 December, 26th made a significant change in the population and environmental factors and subsequently in epidemiological feature of the disease. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of CL in school children and treatment of patients. The results of this study can be used for prevention and planning future control programs in the district of Bam. The survey was conducted as a cross-sectional descriptive study during spring 2006. A total of 4931 children from 30 primary schools (6-10 years), elementary schools (11-14 years) and high schools (15-18 years) were selected randomly and examined physically in Bam and Barawat. The suspected CL cases were referred to the CL clinic. Smear scrapings were taken from the active lesions for direct microscopic examination and treatment of the confirmed cases. A questionnaire was completed for each case, indicating demographic and medical aspects. SPSS software was used for data entry and further analysis. The x2 test was used to determine any significant difference in disease prevalence. In whole, 4.9% of the school children had active lesions and there was a significant difference between boys (6.3%) and girls (3.6%) in this regard (P<0.01). Lupoid lesions were significantly more in boys comparing to girls (80.9% versus 19.1%, P<0.005). The prevalence rate of scar in students was 14.9% and there was a significant difference in this regard between elementary schools children and the children in two other levels (P<0.05). In whole, 74.5% had one lesion, 17.3% had two lesions and 8.2% had three or more lesions. Hand was the most frequent site of involvement (47.8%), followed by face (33.8%), legs (14.9%) and other body parts (3.5%). The present study indicated that the epidemiological features of CL have changed significantly as compared to the previous reports. The main differences are higher prevalence rate of the disease, particularly in boys than girls and significant higher rate of lupoid lesions in boys rather than girls. Moreover, the number and location of lesions and the clinical features of the disease have been changed significantly. These findings emphasize further researches on epidemiological aspects especially on causative agent, host and suspected accidental hosts for future planning and implementation of suitable control programs.

Teacher’s mental health, due to its effect on the formation of attitude and mental health of students, play more important role than any other social-class. This research focuses on the extend of teacher’s mental health with various levels of education as its main objective. This is a descriptive cross-sectional research. Statistical population is comprised of all teachers in Golestan province who involved teaching at schools in the educational year of 1383-84. a sample of 535 teachers was obtained through multi-phase random cluster sampling. Symptom checklist questionnaire with a cut-point of 2.5 on each dimension and 1.3 cut-point for global symptom index (GSI) were considered in determining teacher’s mental disorder. Finding showed %81.1 of teachers are of sound mental health and %18.9 of them (%21.8 in female and %14.9 in mal) seem to suffer at least from one of the symptoms of mental disorder. The sequence of disorder symptom prevalence was as follow: somatization %7.3, paranoid ideation %5.8 and depression % 4.9. the highest mental disorder was seen among elementary school teachers(%21.6) and the lowest among senior high school teachers(%14.9). a significant correlation coefficient between teacher’s level of education and overtime work with global symptom index(GSI) was seen(P<0.05). Result of study showed that the prevalence of mental disorders among Golstan teachers are medium and this finding are indicative of lower mental disorder among the teachers in Golestan province in comparison to the finding of similar researches done in other provinces.