جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « کشاورزان » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

The most common of farmerschr('39') occupational exposure is exposure to pesticides. Organophosphate pesticides (OP) are widely used in agriculture to control pests. The main mechanism of Organophosphates (OPs) toxicity is irreversibly inhibiting of Butyl cholinesterase and acetyl cholinesterase. POEM model (Predictive Operator Exposure Model) was made to assess exposure and absorption of the pesticides. The aim of this study was to estimate the rate of exposure of farmers in West of Iran to organophosphates with POEM model and to compare its results with activity level of plasma cholinesterase (PChE).

In this descriptive and analytical research, farmers were divided into two same groups who were exposed to diazinon. One group of them wore full personal protective equipment (PPEs) and the second group including farmers with daily routine work had no proposed personal protective equipment. Before and after spraying operation, a blood sample was collected from both groups of farmers, as well as from control group. Then plasma cholinesterase activity was measured by DGKC (German Biochemical Society) and photometric device. Farmer’s exposure to OPs was estimated with POEM model.

The activity mean PChE enzyme in the groups with and without personal protective equipment was 11639.3 mg/l and 8516.3 mg/l, respectively. The mean of predicted total absorbed dose and predicted total exposure to toxic substance in group with PPEs was 9.1 mg/day and 0.15 mg/kgbw/day, respectively and in group with PPEs were 0.5 mg/day and 0.009 mg/kgbw/day, respectively. dermal exposure average, percentage of dermal absorption, absorbed dose at the time of preparing the poison solution and spraying, by using of the POEM model was significantly higher in the no PPE group than in the PPE group (P<0.001).

This study showed that the use of personal protective equipment prevents from the effects appearing of pesticides by reducing the activity of PChE. With the increasing in PChE activity, the values of POEM model parameters decreases such as the absorbed dose of the skin and the inhalation of the toxin. Therefore, the POEM model can be used to check the exposure of people with pesticides. Finally, this study suggests that from the POEM model can be considered as a screening tool to identify individuals at exposure of pesticides to the next steps for biological monitoring, diagnosis and treatment and … .

Weeds, pests, and diseases are becoming more and more resistant to agricultural pesticides, and this has, in turn, resulted in the use of more pesticides or more toxic pesticides among farmers. Along with the government’s incentive programs to increase production, the use of chemical pesticides has also been increased among farmers sharply. Farmers incur high costs by exposure to pesticides due to hospitalization of themselves and their families, medical services, and the loss of working days. The unsafe and excessive use of chemical pesticides also plays a role in the incidence of latent diseases such as diabetes, various cancers, Autism, Parkinson, etc., in addition to general symptoms. According to the theory of health belief, the safety behavior of farmers is inherently a kind of health behavior because, for farmers to have proper hygienic behaviors when using chemical pesticides, they must first feel threatened by them (perceived sensitivity). Then, they should understand the risk depth and its seriousness (perceived severity) and if they have a positive evaluation of the benefits, they will take preventive behaviors. Also, according to the planned behavior model, the variables of attitude, subjective norms, and control of perceived behavior ultimately lead to the accompaniment of intention to predict behavior in individuals. Due to the small size of farmers and the lack of knowledge as to the safety hazards of chemical pesticides, attention to safety behavior has been neglected more than ever. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the variables affecting the prediction of safety behavior of potato farmers in the Ardabil plain based on a combined model of planned behavior and health belief theory. In recent years, weed outbreaks and increased resistance of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) to chemical pesticides in the Ardabil plain have been significant. As the most important crop in Ardabil province, potatoes have been attacked by pests such as Colorado potato beetle and false whitefly more than ever. On the other hand, the increasing use of crop pests, the prevalence of low-quality imported pesticides, and the increased resistance of some pests to pesticides, such as the increased resistance of potato pests to the effectiveness of Metribuzin pesticide, which has increased the use of chemical pesticides by potato farmers have aggravated the problems. But, the common strategies of farmers to deal with them may lead to an increase in the use of pesticides or the use of pesticides with a higher degree of toxicity, which ultimately necessitates more and more comprehensive attention to safety behavior among potato farmers in the Ardabil plain.

This study is a descriptive survey that was conducted in 2019. By the multi-stage sampling method with the proportional assignment, 370 farmers were selected using Bartlett et al.’s table (30). As such, the individuals participated in the study including 193 potato farmers from Ardabil County, 104 potato farmers from Namin County, and 73 potato farmers from Nir County. The study instrument was a structured questionnaire whose validity was assessed by estimating its content validity. Qualitative face validity was checked by a panel of experts (faculty members in the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, and the University of Khuzestan in the field of chemical pesticide management in agriculture, specialists in Persian language and literature, and experts of occupational health). Content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI) were used for quantitative content validity of the questionnaire (CVR> 0.59; CVI> 0.79). Convergent and diagnostic validity was used to ensure the construct validity of the research instrument. Also, the reliability of the research instrument was confirmed by calculating Cronbachchr(chr (chr(chr('39')39chr('39'))39chr(chr('39')39chr ('39')))39chr(chr (chr('39')39chr('39'))39chr(chr('39')39chr ('39'))))s alpha coefficient for each of the research variables (values ​​obtained above 0.7). The main variables related to two widely used models in estimating safety behavior (planned behavior and health belief theory) were determined in the form of an integrated model. Incidence of safety behavior was also included in the model in four stages of preparation and storage, preparation, use, and after the use of chemical pesticides. Finally, with the help of the structural equation model and SPSS18 and AMOS20 software, while determining the overall fit of the model and the most important stage of safety behavior, the variables accounting for safety behavior among farmers were obtained.

According to the results as to the use of chemical pesticides, most farmers (33.0%) had relatively unsafe safety behavior. However, the lowest group of farmers (9.5% of respondents) exhibited completely safe behavior. Analysis of the structural equation model showed that the fit of the integrated model was obtained to predict the safety behavior of farmers; overall, the proposed model could play up to 73% of the explanatory power to predict the occurrence of safety behavior. This model could best account for safety behavior in the "use of chemical pesticides" stage (with 68% of explanatory power). The most important explanatory variables in the occurrence of safety behavior are related to knowledge (β=0.35**), attitude (β=0.57**), and cues to action (β=0.35**), respectively. But, the effect of the three variables of age, health value, and perceived barriers in the model was not significant. Also, the best explanatory pathways in the display of safety behavior were related to the path of intention leading to safety behavior (0.850), referring to action leading to intention and then the occurrence of safety behavior (0.297), attitude leading to intention and then the occurrence of safety behavior (0.178), and mental norms leading to intention and then the occurrence of safety behavior (0.178).

The integrated study model can reasonably explain the occurrence of safety behavior in all stages of using chemical pesticides (especially the stage of using chemical pesticides) among farmers. Considering that the safety behavior of farmers in the region is not at a desirable level, it is necessary to conduct an in-depth needs assessment of farmerschr(chr (chr(chr('39')39chr('39'))39chr(chr ('39')39chr('39')))39chr(chr(chr('39')39chr('39'))39chr (chr('39')39chr ('39')))) knowledge of the four stages of safety behavior (preparation and storage, preparation of chemical pesticides, use of chemical pesticides and safety activities after use) through agricultural safety management programs in the region. Also, while identifying the major obstacles, educational and executive planning should be developed in all its stages. To improve the cues to action, it is suggested to use chemical pesticide hazard information programs in local mass media programs and print and written advertisements in the region as to alternative methods of chemical pesticides. Attracting the participation and cooperation of local trustees, production cooperatives, and agricultural organizations will also be very effective in improving the subjective norms of farmers to promote safety behaviors. Since most farmers are smallholders, it does not seem affordable to use safety behavior strategies (the supply of safety equipment and non-chemical pest control methods), the use of supporting subsides to purchase equipment, or the adoption of safety methods. Alternatives to chemical pesticides should be a priority in agricultural safety management programs in the region.

Agriculture is the most important and essential part of providing human needs. The imagination of developed world is not possible without agriculture. Agriculture is one of the main sources of employment and income generation in many countries, especially in developing countries and in this regard is responsible for providing food security and safety as a national target. But, in order to achieve this goal, farmers must be healthy. Thatchr('39')s while agriculture is known as a high-risk sector all around the world and farmers are exposed to a wide range of occupational hazards by doing hard work. Agricultural injuries are reported from all around the world. Of a total of 335,000 work-related incidents worldwide about 170,000 deaths happen among agricultural workers per year. Occupational disease is particularly relevant to agriculture and has an incidence rate similar to that of other sectors. In Iran, in spite of the importance of agricultural areas and the agricultural workforce, there are not enough statistics about injuries and work-related accidents in this sector and limited epidemiologic research has evaluated the health status and potential occupational hazards among farm workers and most of farmers are not covered by occupational health. So farmers are faced with many challenges in relation to agricultural occupational health. Among the many factors that cause accidents and injuries, behavior has been identified as one of the most important factors. In other mean, Behavior has been identified as the most important factor that cause accidents and injuries and which, in turn, has an important role in reducing exposure to work-related damage. So, considering the importance of behaviors in accidents and work-related injuries, to prevent and reduce accidents and injuries, the focus on individual behaviors is necessary. Because preventive activities before hurt and injuries have the greatest ability to reduce them. Strategies for promoting behavior is one of the preventive activities. Investigated show that, so far, no study has been done about improving the occupational health behaviors among Iranian farmers. So the purpose of this research is to identify and rank approaches for promoting farmers’ occupational health behaviors.

The study was conducted based on a mixed method (qualitative-quantitative) approach. It was conducted between July 2016 to November 2018. In qualitative section content analysis method was used. The study population in this part included faculty members of agricultural science and occupational health of medical science, agriculture experts, occupational health experts, and the farmers. This study used purposive and snowball sampling methods to select the sample. At the beginning of the sampling, a number of experts were selected purposefully and then they were asked to introduce other people who had enough information in this field to participate in interview. The data from the interview reached saturation through in-depth individual interviews with 47 participants. All the participants of the study were interviewed by a trained researcher who conducted the interviews on their farms or in their residences in Kermanshah province in western Iran. Data were gathered through in-depth interviews, observations and group discussion. Unstructured interviews were performed with follow-up questions with group discussion until “reaching saturation”. Also, Coding technique was used for analyzing the data. To this end, the transcribed interviews were studied and analyzed after each interview session. Then, data coding procedure was performed. To have open coding, texts relevant to each interview were carefully studied line by line and elements containing a point related to the main research question were identified and labeled with the same theme. The output was extracted themes related to the subject of the study. Then, the resulting themes were carefully examined and compared in terms of similarities and differences. After that, themes of the same nature or with relevant meaning were classified as categories. After identifying the categories, their features and aspects were specified to thoroughly distinguish them from each other and to determine their exact nature. In the next step, the main categories and sub-categories were linked.In order to ensure reliability and validity in quantitative research, prolonged contact with the participants was used for gathering and analyzing data. Also, multiple methods were used for gathering data. The coded interviews were reviewed. After coding the interviews, part of it was returned to participants to ensure implementation of the codes with their experiences. In this research, intended to do the sampling with the greatest diversity. To ensure consistency in the process of analyzing data, some colleagues were asked to review and revise the codes. The text of interviews, codes and categories gathered were sent to people familiar with qualitative research for investigation and their opinions about the validity of the analysis and interpretations were obtained. Also, when coding each interview, we investigated previous coded data. To increase generalizability, the researchers tried detailed descriptions and meaningful research process to provide follow-up research process to others. The quantitative research section of this study, in order to select the best strategies and determine the importance and weight of each of the strategies, and finally rank them, among the methods (coefficient of variation, Mean Rank, Friedman test, Hierarchical analysis, etc.) are used for ranking, Analytical Hierarchy process was selected. Hierarchical analysis is the most suitable method for comparing paired ratings. This method helps decision makers to combine group memberschr('39') decisions with each other so that optimal decision-making involves the opinions of all members. The study population included experts in field of agricultural occupational health. Purposeful and theoretical sampling method were used to select samples. At the beginning of the purposeful sampling, referred to several experts, then they were asked to provide other people with sufficient information in this field to complete the questionnaire, a total of 14 people were identified and examined. The data were collected through questionnaire that was designed according to the extracted categories related to the qualitative part of this research. In order to evaluate the content and face validity of the questionnaire, four experts were asked to study the questionnaire and express their opinions. After collecting the assessment of experts, the necessary changes were implemented in the tool. In order to verify the reliability of the questionnaire, an inconsistency rate was used. This is a common method of measuring reliability in hierarchical analysis. The incompatibility rate of judgments in paired rankings is up to 0.1, which is 0.02 for the questionnaire. SPSS version 16, Expert Choice11 and appropriate statistical tests were used to analyze the data.

According to the findings, the factors such as educational, safety requirements of agricultural machinery and inputs manufacturers, supporting and entities, information and media, interactions and organizational communication and also monitoring and evaluation were extracted as approaches for promotion of farmerchr('39')s occupational health behavior. From the specialists’ perspective educational factors and information and media were in the first and last ranks, respectively.

The results of the research indicate that there are several strategies for promoting the occupational behavior of agricultural industry which should be considered at macro level and in the medium and long term planning. Also, all the institutions and organizations that are in some way associated with the farming industry or with farmers, should consider themselves to be promoting occupational health behaviors among farmers, because promoting occupational health requires multiple approaches and partnerships. Considering the extent and distribution of agricultural farms and the number and variety of employed farmers, the unit of Agricultural Extension and Education or Occupational Health cannot lonely promote the farmers’ occupational health behavior. Achieving to this important goal requires the interaction and collaboration of the producers of agricultural equipment and the relevant organizations and institutions. Considering the educational strategy as the first way to promote farmers’ occupational health behavior from the perspective of participants, agricultural occupational health and safety education should be put in formal and informal training. In formal education planning at relevant faculties and departments, occupational safety and health, as in other developed countries, should have a definite position in which students who will somehow be associated with farmers in the future can play a role in promoting farmers’ safety and occupational health. In informal training, by making the needs assessment and designing various training programs we can attract farmerschr('39') attention to educational programs. The last rank of media and information strategy, means the less media activities in promoting agricultural occupational health behavior. But given the availability of appropriate infrastructure and by using of these potentials, media can play a tangible role in this regard.

 Hand anthropometric data can help us properly design hand tools for better efficiency and less fatigue in the individuals. The aim of this study is to measure and analyze hand anthropometric data of Iranian farmers in order to determine the characteristics of farmers' hands separately for each ethnicity so that they can be used to design hand tools and working stations. In order to design the appropriate hand tools, 8 dimensions were measured in Iranian farmers. This study was conducted by measuring the hand dimensions of 600 farmers in four ethnicities of Lor, Kurd, Arab, and Fars in Iran and comparing them with each other, as well as other countries which have measured their employees' hand dimensions to design hand tools appropriate for their countries.Results showed that the mean length of hand (19.82±1.53), hand metacarpal width (9.47±1.59), hand width to thumb tip (11.81±1.33), and hand metacarpal thickness (2.78±0.29) in Kurds ethnicity; palm length  (10.82±0.84) in Arab ethnicity; and index finger diameter (2.40±0.39) and hand circumference (28.71±1.51) in Fars ethnicity were the greatest values. The results of comparison made between hand dimensions and those of other countries showed that the Iranian metacarpal hand width is larger than countries such as India, northern Nigeria, and Jordan. In addition, the hand thickness of Nigerian people is greater compared to Iranians'. These findings can help interior designers be able to design appropriate hand tools that cause a reduction in ergonomic problems in domestic farmers.

Farmers in agricultural activities deal with various forms of chemical pesticides and thus their knowledge level can have a positive or negative impact on the food health of a community and the environment. Understanding their knowledge about the consequences of poisoning will provide an effective extension for promoting environmentally friendly methods in farms and maintaining food security. Hence, the aim of this study was to assess the farmers' knowledge of Moghan plain about the consequences of chemical pesticides use for community health, the environment and food security in 2017.

The method of this study is descriptive and survey. The statistical population consisted of all farmers (water cultivation) in the Moghan plain. The sample size of 400 was determined by multi-stage sampling method and using Kerjesi and Morgan table (1970). The study tool was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient.

The findings showed that the majority of the farmers had relatively poor knowledge about the consequences of using chemical pesticides. The results of structural equation modeling (using Lisrel software) showed that the use of information resources, in total, predicted 24% of variance of farmers' knowledge about the consequences of chemical pesticides.

Given that more favorable safety behavior and cultivation of more healthy crops are based on the farmers' knowledge about the use and consequences of chemical pesticides, hence, the attention of authorities and planners for conducting various workshops in line with farmers' perceptions about the use of knowledge and the consequences chemical pesticides are needed.

Given the necessity of assessing knowledge and practice of individuals to prevent the Aflatoxin contamination in pistachio in order to develop appropriate educational interventions, design and validating a standard tool is essential. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop and validate an instrument to determine the knowledge and performance of pistachio farmer in terms of Aflatoxin contamination and the methods to prevent its production in pistachio product.

In this research, initial items of instrument were designed based on literature review and interview with experts and farmers. The face validity, Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and Content validity Index (CVI) of instrument were determined by interview with farmers and through opinions of experts’ panel respectively. Test-retest analysis was conducted to test the stability of the instrument. Also, according to the data of 380 farmers, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed.

The results showed that CVI and CVR of items of instrument were ≤0.79 and ≤0.62 respectively. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated a good fit for the data. EFA Analysis showed that KMO is suitable for 3 groups of Knowledge and also for practice. Bartlett’s test was significant and zero hypothesis of data was rejected. According to factor load higher than 0.3 for every question, neither of them was removed. Finally, questionnaire of Knowledge was confirmed with 18 and Practice questionnaire was confirmed with 10 questions.

The developed instrument can be used to measure the knowledge and practice of pistachio farmers about Aflatoxin contamination, as a research tool, to be used to develop appropriate educational interventions.

Farmers that have occupational exposed to the organic dust, bacteria, endotoxin, mites, and fungi, as well as the hazardous gases such as ammonia, sulfides, hydrogen and nitrogen oxides, may be affected by allergic asthma, non-allergic rhinitis, and organic dust toxic syndrome. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and spirometry parameters between the two groups of livestock breeders and ranchers farmers. The cross-sectional descriptive-analytic study was performed in Yazd on a 300 agricultural men. The questionnaire includes demographic information including age, work experience, cigarette smoking, the type of agricultural activity and respiratory symptoms among farmers.  Pulmonary function tests of all farmers were performed in a sitting position after the animals were fed. Moreover, indicators of FVC, FEV1, FEV1 / FVC, PEF25-75 were measured. T-test test data for the logistic regression analysis was used.             The results showed that respiratory capacity in the poultry is less than livestock breeder's. Cough, sputum prevalence of respiratory symptoms such as shortness of breath, wheezing and rhinitis in poultry was significantly higher than those in other groups were. The highest prevalence was related to nasal allergies [(OR=5.04 (2.7-9.4)]. Respiratory symptoms increased with age exception of nasal allergies. Comparison the age group showed 3.3 increased times Cough [(OR=3.3 (1.74-6.3)] and 2.5 sputum [(OR=2.5 (1.05-6.21)] in the age group 75 to 55 years age group 34-20 years, respectively. the prevalence of respiratory symptoms was higher in smokers than non-smokers, so that the incidence of cough, sputum, shortness of breath, wheezing and rinite allergic the This group, , 64/1, 5/1, 46/1, 7/1 and 75/1 times more than non-smokers respectively but this association was not statistically significant.         Due to the high prevalence of respiratory symptoms in farmers, agricultural mechanization promotion of health knowledge of farmers by implementing appropriate training programs is necessary.

Organophosphate compounds are a class of pesticides with well-known uses in agriculture. Poisoning with this group of toxins, has created major problems around the world, especially in developing countries. This study aimed to investigate the effect of organophosphate pesticides on plasma cholinesterase activity among the farmers.
This cross-sectional study was done on 17 male spraying farmers, who were exposed to organophosphate pesticides, and 17 non-farmer people as controls. Before and after spraying operations, a blood sample was collected from each of the participants in both groups. Plasma cholinesterase activity was investigated using transparent-substrate (TS) technology model photometric device.
Findings: The mean level of cholinesterase enzyme activity in the case group (farmers exposed to organophosphate pesticides) was 12086.2 mg/l before the spraying; which decreased to 8516.3 mg/l after spraying. The mean level of the activity of this enzyme in the control group was 13655.8 mg/l.
Considering the importance of the evaluation of organophosphate contact among the farmers, and its effect on cholinesterase enzyme activity, it can be said that training farmers to produce organic products, to use less pesticide, and to prevent poisoning caused by spraying, seems to be necessary.

Efficient use of water resources is an undeniable necessity in agricultural sector. The purpose of the present study was ethical analysis of farmers' water conservation behavior in West Azerbaijan Province. In this descriptive-correlational research, the study population included the farmers residing in the West Azerbaijan province in 2017. 380 farmers were selected as a sample using Krejcie and Morgan's sample size table and stratified random sampling method. Research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire which its validity and reliability was confirmed. SPSS 22 and AMOS 22 soft-wares were used to analyze the data. Findings: Water conservation intention (p<0.01, r=0.559) and perceived behavioral control (p<0.01, r=0.433) had positive and significant correlation with water conservation behavior. Furthermore, the moral norm of water conservation (p<0.01, r=0.598), subjective norm of water conservation (p<0.01, r=0.510), and perceived behavioral control (p<0.01, r=0.329) had also positive and significant correlation with water conservation intention. The independent variables of the study framework accounted for 43.1 percent of water conservation intention's change and 41.9 percent of water conservation behavior's change, respectively. It can be concluded that Planned Behavior Theory can be applied to analyze farmers' moral behavior of the water conservation. Using the proposed theoretical framework leads to development and extension of existing understanding, regarding complex interactions of socio-psychological variables of water resources conservation.

Researches show that exposure to pesticides is occupationally common in agricultural task. Organophosphate (OP) compounds are diverse classes of pesticides with the most well known applications as insecticides and, to a lesser extent, as herbicides in agriculture. Organophosphate poisoning (OPP) is a major problem worldwide, especially in developing countries, with millions of cases and hundreds of thousands of deaths occurring each year.
A total of 34 patients of male farmers spraying 20 to 60 years that exposure to organophosphate insecticides in the South West region were selected and were divided into two groups. 17 patients as controls were studied among people who were not farmers. Protective clothing was offered to a group of farmers to use them during spraying. While another group of farmers in their daily work without the use of protective clothing were studied in this way. After spraying operation a blood sample collected from the three groups and their plasma cholinesterase activity was evaluated by DGKC method.
After spraying, the mean plasma cholinesterase enzyme in the control group was 8516.3 and in without clothes was 13655.8. But in the group with clothes enzyme average was 11639.3.
Organophosphorus pesticide poisoning in our country is one of the main causes of poisoning among farmers. However, according to the results of research and assessment of exposure to organophosphate insecticides and affect the levels of cholinesterase enzyme indicated It can be said that the use of appropriate personal protective equipment has essential role in reducing the level of damage to the enzyme cholinesterase.

Monitoring worker's work ability, planning to maintain and improve the work ability, and identifying and controlling its related risk factors are of the most important issues in the field of occupational health. The object of this study was to investigate the influence of factors related to work ability among farmers.
The subjects consisted of 213 male farmers. This research examined the influence of demographic characterization, work-related factors and diseases on farmers’ work ability. Work ability was assessed using the Work Ability Index (WAI) and work-related factors were measure by Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). Spearman correlation coefficient was used to employ to examine the relationship between WAI and its affecting factors.
Mean WAI score was 34.6 (SD±10.59) and it had a statistically significant relationship with age, BMI, diseases and work-related factors. The strongest correlation was found for diseases and physical work-related factors such as physical exertion (r=0.309), physical isometric loads (r=0.263), physical demands at work (r=0.322), while psychological factors showed a poorer correlation.
According to findings, development of preventive approaches aimed at controlling diseases, eliminating awkward postures, reducing physical isometric loads, physical exertion and physical demands at work, as well as improving psychological work environment have an important role in promotion of the farmers’ work ability.

Skin cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers in Iran and worldwide. According to statistics, skin cancer is more prevalent in Ilam. The purpose of this study was to predict the skin cancer and sunlight preventive behaviors in farmers of the Ilam County by using the protection motivation theory in 2013.
In a cross-sectional study samples were collected by multistage random sampling method. The required data was collected by a researcher-made questionnaire from 248 farmers in rural areas of Ilam city in May 2013. The questions were based on demographic variables, protection motivation theory and skin cancer preventive behaviors. Data analysis was done by descriptive and analytical statistics using SPSS software version 16 .
Correlation coefficient showed that skin cancer preventive behaviors positively correlated with perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, response efficacy, and self-efficacy and negatively correlated with internal and external rewards and response costs. The protection motivation theory structures predicted 73 percent of the variance for protection motivation. Self-efficacy was the strongest predictor for motivation protection (β=0.420). Protection motivation was predicted 77 percent of the variance for skin cancer preventive behaviors.
According to the obtained results, protection motivation theory is an appropriate framework for designing and implementation of educational interventions. Since, self-efficacy was strongest predictor for motivation protection; therefore, use of this framework is recommended for similar studies.

Skin cancer is one of the most common cancers around the world as well as in Iran. Identifying the farmer's perceptions about skin cancer might be effective in the design of intervention programs for preventing it. Therefore, this study aimed to survey the threat appraisal to skin cancer in the farmers of the Chaldoran County in Iran.
In this cross-sectional study, 238 subjects were selected from the farmers’ rural regions by multistage random sampling. To collect the data, a reliable and valid questionnaire based on protection motivation theory structures was used. Descriptive statistics (frequency, relative Frequency, mean and standard deviation) and analytical statistics (One Way ANOVA) was used to analyze the date. The level of significance was considered less than 0.05.
The mean ± standard deviation age of participants was 35.40±8.79 years old. A statistically significant association between perceived threat with education level (p=0.001) and threat appraisal with education (p=0.04) was observed (p The findings of this study indicated that farmers did not consider themselves to be vulnerable to skin cancer. Therefore, design and implementations of appropriate intervention programs to inform the farmers seems essential in the relevant field.

Skin cancer is the most common cancers. Repeated exposure to sunlight causes high levels of cancer and climate change including changes in the ozone layer along with changes in personal and social habits. Given the importance of farmer's health and increase their skin cancer, the study aimed to determine the factors preventing skin cancer in farmers city Tuyserkan on protection motivation theory was done in 2014.
In this cross-sectional study, 200 peasant farmers from 18 to 60 years, Tuyserkan city where the sun had Using a cluster of four health centers and rural health houses Were selected. Using a questionnaire, which was based on protection motivation theory, Collected through interviews with farmers and were analyzed using SPSS 21.
Farmers who use sunscreen, hats, gloves and clothing worn used Respectively, 31.5, 53.5, 3, and 65%. and 81% of farmers do not use eyeglasses. Among Agricultural work experience and average score reward structures and perceived severity a significant correlation was found. Also Between preventive behaviors and the mean score of the fear structure, intensity and reward and motivation, perceived protection there was a significant correlation.
With regard to the theory solidarity structures associated with the use of means of protection against the sun's rays, Education and health promotion programs designed to increase the incentives for farmers to use the theory of protection is emphasized.

Skin cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in the world and in Iran as well. The incidence of this disease continues to climb. The present study was therefore aimed to investigate the copping with skin cancer among farmers in Chaldoran County in 2015.
Materials and Totally, 238 farmers from the rural areas of Chaldoran County participated in this analytical-descriptive study. They were selected through a multi-stage random sampling process. A reliable and valid questionnaire used by Tazval et.al was exploited for data collection. The gathered data were analyzed by the use of descriptive and analytic statistics in SPSS software (v. 21). A statistically significance level of p≤ 0.05 was considered. Ethical issues such as confidentiality of studied community were all considered.
A statistically significant relationship was observed between the education level of participants (p=0. 001) and their income status (p=0. 025). About 12.2% of respondents showed high perceived self-efficacy towards skin cancer protective behaviors. It was further found that response self-efficacy was low among 45.5% of community. The most of the farmers (61.8%) had moderate response cost towards skin cancer protective behaviors. The assessment of farmers copping status with skin cancer revealed that 182 (76.5%), 8 (3.4%) and 48 20.1%) respondents have an unacceptable, borderline, and acceptable copping appraisal, respectively.
The results of this study indicate that the farmers’ coping appraisal status towards skin cancer was low. Thus, it is necessary to design and implement appropriate interventions in this field.

Farmers are exposed to numerous risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders, such as awkward postures, highly repetitive movements and carrying heavy loads. The prevalence of these symptoms is therefore predicted to be significant in this group of workers. The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among farmers in Zarand county in Iran. The present descriptive, analytical, cross-sectional study was conducted on 350 farmers in Zarand. Participants were selected through simple random sampling. Data were collected by community health workers at health houses of the region using the Nordic Questionnaire. The data obtained were then analyzed in SPSS-18. A total of 98% of the farmers were male, 98.9% were married and 62.9% had a normal BMI. The highest prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders was perceived in the knees (58.3) and the lowest in the elbows (8.19) over the last 12 months. The results of statistical tests showed a significant relationship between age and the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in all the 9 body parts examined. A significant relationship also existed between the frequency of these disorders and variables including weight and height. Work experience and good exercise habits reduced the likelihood of developing these disorders. The prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders was significant among the farmers examined. Performing ergonomic interventions aimed at modifying body posture at work, designing useful tools and performing exercises at set intervals are measures that should be taken to help farmers keep healthy.

Skin cancer is the most common cancer among occupational cancers which Sunlight is the most important cause. Farmers due to continuous contact with sunlight are at risk for this cancer. Protective behaviors are one of the most important measures in preventing skin cancer. The aim of this study was to determine sun protective behaviors and some of its related factors among Kazeroon farmers. The cross-sectional study was done on 300 farmers who were selected by cluster sampling from 8 villages in Kazeroon. Data was collected by a researcher-made questionnaire with acceptable reliability and validity. A questionnaire including demographic data as well as questions about measures for farmers’ performance about using sun protective behaviors, causes for Lack of this behavior and information source of skin cancer and its prevention methods. These questions were completed by interviews with farmers and were analyzed using SPSS18. In this study, sun-protective behaviors in farmers was higher than average. The most frequent sun protective behavior was "wearing clothes that cover more of the body" while wearing "sunscreen" was reported as the less frequent. The most important reason for not doing sun protective behaviors among farmers was the "expensiveness of protective devices". Results showed a significant relationship between age, sex, education, income, family history of sunburn with protective behaviors (p<0.05).History of sunburn increase possibility of sun-protective behaviors to 2.048 times In this study showing of sun protective behaviors in farmers has been considered moderate. It is notable that behaviors are based on knowledge and attitudes so designing educational programs regarding these findings can promote sun protective behaviors and reduce the risk of skin cancer.

Now a days، musculoskeletal disorders are of a great concern in job health issues and their prevalence are relatively high among various occupations. On the other hand، agriculture is one of the most important production sections which have great roles in creating new jobs، and if these sections pay well attention، it can help in renewing economic growth، independency، and self-efficiency in our country. In the agricultural sections the workers do hard physical jobs، so these persons encounter musculoskeletal disorders more than the others. This descriptive-analytical study was a cross-sectional one which performed among 400 farmers in Sabzevar. The data were gathered through Nordic Standard Questionnaire in which a group of trained persons completed it by interviewing. Gathered data were analyzed through statistical tests by the use of SPSS، v. 16. The prevalence rate of musculoskeletal disorders in one or both knees، the waist and one or both feet and finally the ankle during one year was 52%، 46. 5 and 27%، respectively. The result showed that during the last year، there was a significant relation between pain in waist and individuals’ weight (p = 0. 033)، pain in one or both knees and their age (p= 0. 0001)، pain in one or both knees and the height (0. 036) and pain in shoulders and age (p=0. 028). The results showed that there is a significant relation between the musculoskeletal disorders in farmers and their demographic characteristics like weight، age and the height.

The main aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the prevalence of fecundity and other reproductive problems among a group of farmers in Kavar district of Fars province، southern Iran. A total of 268 randomly selected married male farm workers were investigated. A questionnaire was devised and validated (Cronbach’s α-coefficient (0. 81)). Subjects were directly interviewed and the questionnaire forms were completed for them. The prevalence of current primary infertility among the studied population was about 7. 4%. In addition، the delayed time-to-pregnancy index (TTP) was noted in 19. 4% of subjects’ spouses. Similarly، 6. 3% of farm workers had offsprings with congenital malformations. Finally، 1. 5% and 9% of farmers’ wives had a history of stillbirth and abortion، respectively. It was concluded that the prevalence of current primary infertility and spontaneous abortion were significantly higher among farm workers families than in the normal population. Additionally، stillbirth was more common in the wives of farm workers than in the normal population، although the difference did not reach statistical significance. These effects are likely to be attributed to the exposure of farm workers to pesticides.