جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Antineoplastic agents » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

This research explores the capability of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) produced via friendly methods by using Solanum trilobatum leaf extract. The choice of S. trilobatum was supported by its diverse phytochemical makeup, which comprises recognized bioactive elements known for their anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer attributes. This research explores the effect of AgNPs derived from this plant as a promising eco-friendly strategy in oral cancer treatment.

The synthesis of AgNPs involved employing S. trilobatum leaf extract, with observable color changes and spectral analyses confirming the unique characteristics of the nanoparticles. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy detected distinct functional groups, whereas scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the presence of biocapped nanoparticles exhibiting various shapes and sizes spanning from 100 to 300 nm.

Cytotoxicity assessments via the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay revealed a half-minimal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 3.715 ± 0.242 μg/mL against the oral cancer (KB) cell line, indicating a significant inhibition. Acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EtBr) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) assays further supported the AgNPs’ anti-cancer potential, affirming their promise for oral cancer therapy.

AgNPs synthesized from S. trilobatum leaf extract showed substantial potential as a therapeutic agent for oral cancer. This research adds to the increasing evidence endorsing the use of environmentally friendly synthesized nanoparticles in medical treatments.

Multi-drug resistance is an important challenge in the chemotherapy of cancer. The role of annexin A5 (ANXA5) in the biology of cancer has been the focus of many studies. Breast Cancer (BC) is frequent cancer in women with high morbidity and mortality rate. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of ANXA5 overexpression on the anti-tumor activity of Epirubicin (EPI) in MCF-7 and MCF-7/ADR cells.

MCF-7 and MCF-7/ADR cells were transfected with the pAdenoVator- CMV-ANXA5-IRES-GFP plasmid or mock plasmid. The overexpression of ANXA5 was evaluated using qPCR. The effects of ANXA5 overexpression and EPI on the cell viability of MCF-7 and MCF-7/ADR cells were measured using an MTT assay. Cell apoptosis was measured by annexin V/7-AAD flow cytometry assay.

Following the overexpression of ANXA5, the viability of MCF-7 and MCF- 7/ADR was significantly decreased. Furthermore, the overexpression of ANXA5 in MCF-7 cells increased the cytotoxic effects of EPI in all doses and reduced the IC50 of EPI from 17.69 μM to 4.07 μM. Similarly, the overexpression of ANXA5 in MCF7- ADR cells reduced the IC50 of EPI from 27.3 μM to 6.69 μM. ANXA5 overexpression alone or combined with EPI treatment increased the apoptosis of MCF7 and MCF7- ADR cells.

The results of the present study demonstrate that ANXA5 overexpression increases the sensitivity of MCF-7 and MCF-7/ADR to EPI, suggesting a possible beneficial role of ANXA5 in the therapy of BC.

The incidence of gastric cancer is known to be high in the elderly population. Identification of the best perioperative chemotherapy regimen is challenging in patients with resectable gastric cancer. In this study, we aimed to evaluate and compare the outcomes and safety of epirubicin, cisplatin, and 5?fluorouracil (ECF), docetaxel, cisplatin, and 5?fluorouracil (DCF), oxaliplatin plus5?Fluorouracil and leucovorin (FOLFOX), and docetaxel, oxaliplatin, leucovorin, and 5?Fluorouracil (FLOT) chemotherapy regimens to identify the most appropriate treatment option for elderly patients with resectable gastric cancer. Materials and

In this retrospective observational cohort study, data were extracted from the medical archives (2017–2021) of Omid Hospital, which is a tertiary oncology referral hospital in Isfahan, Iran. Patients with resectable gastric cancer, above 60 years of age, who were perioperatively treated with one of the mentioned chemotherapy regimens and met the inclusion criteria, were enrolled in thisstudy. The survival parameters and safety profile of the regimens were evaluated and compared in this population.

A total of 63 patients were included in this study. The median follow?up period of the patients was 24 months (range, 7–51 months). The results of survival analysis revealed that the FLOT and DCF regimens were significantly associated with longer overall survival (OS) as compared to the other regimens (median OS: 38 and 33 months, respectively). Based on the results, the progression?free survival was longer in the DCF regimen (median: 24 months) compared to the other regimens; however, only the difference with the ECF regimen (median: 14 months) was significant. The results of Cox regression analysis showed no significant difference in the overall adjusted hazard ratio of mortality between the FLOT and DCF regimens (P = 0.802). The DCF and FOLFOX regimens accounted forthe highest and lowest rates of adverse events (e.g., neutropenia and mucositis), respectively.

Considering the higher rate of adverse events in the DCF group, besides the significant improvement of OS and the acceptable adverse event profile of patients treated with the FLOT regimen, it can be proposed that this  chemotherapy regimen is the most appropriate treatment option for elderly patients with resectable gastric cancer.

A targeted delivery platform was prepared to co-deliver both doxorubicin (Dox) as an anticancer drug and FOXM1 aptamer as a therapeutic substance to breast cancer cells (4T1 and MCF-7) to reduce Dox side effects and increase its therapeutic efficacy. The targeted system (AuNPs-AFPA) consisted of FOXM1 aptamer, AS1411 aptamer (targeting oligonucleotide), ATP aptamer, and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as a carrier. AuNPs were synthesized by reduction of HAuCl4. Next, after pegylation of ATP aptamer, FOXM1 aptamer-PEGylated ATP aptamer conjugate (FPA) was prepared. Then, the AS1411 aptamer and FPA were exposed to the AuNPs surface through their thiol groups. Subsequently, Dox was loaded into the complex to form a targeted therapeutic complex. The data of the MTT assay displayed that the targeted complex could remarkably reduce cell viability rate in target cells due to the overexpression of nucleolin on their cell membranes compared to nontarget cells, showing the targeting ability of AuNPs-AFPA-Dox. The in vivo antitumor effect confirmed that AuNPs-AFPA-Dox was capable of remarkably diminishing tumor growth relative to the free Dox in mice bearing 4T1 tumor cells.  The results confirmed that the targeted system improved the therapeutic effect by loading high amounts of Dox alongside the presence of the therapeutic effect of FOXM1 aptamer. Finally, it can be concluded that AuNPs-AFPA-Dox by enhancing antitumor effectiveness and reducing toxicity toward non-target cells, can be used potentially as an effective strategy for the treatment of breast cancer.v

Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) has been used to cure various diseases in traditional medicine. This plant has also exerted antiproliferative effects on certain cancer types. The present study aimed to determine the effects of carob bean extracts on proliferation and apoptotic genes (Bax, Bcl-2, and P53) and Caspase-3, -8, and -9 expressions of human prostate cancer cell lines. In this in vitro experimental study, human prostate cell lines (LNCaP and PC3) were treated with carob bean extract (0, 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 μg/ml) for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. Cell viability was investigated via MTT assay. The genes expression: Bax (pro-apoptotic), Bcl-2 (anti-apoptotic), Caspase-3 (required enzyme for the execution of apoptosis), Caspase-8 (mediator of the extrinsic pathway), and Caspase-9 (mediator of the intrinsic pathway) genes, as well as P53 (tumor suppressor), were assessed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Moreover, the nitric oxide in culture media was evaluated. Carob bean extract suppressed the proliferation of prostate cancer cells in a time and dose-dependent manner by inducing intrinsic apoptotic pathways and decreasing nitric oxide production (P < 0.01). The obtained results revealed the overexpression of Caspases-3 and -9, P53, and Bax, but reduction in Bcl-2 expression, giving rise to a higher Bax/Bcl-2 ratio (P < 0.05). The carob bean extracts exerted anti-prostate cancer properties via induction of apoptosis. It could be also suggested as a dietary supplement for patients suffering from prostate cancer.

Cancer is a disease in which molecular changes of the growth factors and relevant signaling cause uncontrolled growth and division of cells. The most common factors involved in cancer initiation and development include epidermal growth factor, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and autophagy effectors.
This experimental study was conducted to investigate the potential anticancer properties of a number of agents, including interferon-gamma, rapamycin, and vitamin B17, which were compared to Sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cell line and stem cells. Cells were cultured in RPMI medium with 10% fetal bovine serum, 4 mM sodium pyruvate, 4 mM L-glutamine, and 100 U/mL penicillin/streptomycin. Cell viability and levels of lactate dehydrogenase were investigated for the cytotoxic potential of these agents in both kinds of cells. The expression profile of Raf-1, autophagy-related LC3B, TP53, caspase 3 (Casp3), and levels of released inflammatory cytokines, including IL-4 and IL-6, were monitored in response to the chemical treatment.
Our findings showed insufficient inhibition of the indicated factors by interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and rapamycin in cancer cells when compared to Sorafenib. Interestingly, vitamin B17 revealed competitive inhibition on cell proliferation of HepG2 cells compared with Sorafenib while in stem cells, vitamin B17 led to impartial consequences. Unlike TP53 and Casp3, gene expressions of Raf-1 and LC3B were significantly reduced in cancer cells treated with vitamin B17 at both RNA and protein levels, while their expression was markedly upregulated in the treated stem cells. Furthermore, in both cells, vitamin B17 increased the expression of IL-4 while reducing the production of IL-6.
These data provide evidence for the effectiveness of vitamin B17 in cancer treatment via selective regulation of Raf-1 and autophagy-related LC3B in cancer cells.

Known as natural nanovesicles, exosomes have attracted increased attention as biocompatible carriers throughout recent years, which can provide appropriate sources for incorporating and transferring drugs to desired cells in order to improve their effectiveness and safety. 

This study implicates the isolation of mesenchymal stem cells from adipocyte tissue (ADSCs) to acquire a proper amount of exosomes for drug delivery. As the exosomes were separated by ultracentrifugation, SN38 was entrapped into ADSCs-derived exosomes through the combination method of incubation, freeze-thaw, and surfactant treatment (SN38/Exo). Then, SN38/Exo was conjugated with anti-MUC1 aptamer (SN38/Exo-Apt), and its targeting ability and cytotoxicity towards cancer cells were investigated.

Encapsulation efficiency of SN38 into exosomes (58%) was significantly increased using our novel combination method. Furthermore, the in vitro results were indicative of the great cellular uptake of SN38/Exo-Apt and its significant cytotoxicity on Mucin 1 overexpressing cells (C26 cancer cells) without noticeable cytotoxicity on normal cells (CHO cells). 

The results propose that our approach developed an efficient method for loading SN38 as a hydrophobic drug into exosomes and decorating them with MUC1 aptamer against Mucin 1 overexpressing cells. So, SN38/Exo-Apt could be considered a great platform in the future for the therapy of colorectal cancer.

For more than 2000 years, Silybum marianum L. (milk thistle) has been used for treating different complications such as jaundice, hepatitis, and cancers. It has also been shown that silymarin, a flavonolignan extract of the plant, demonstrates chemopreventive effects against cancers. This patent review presents and discusses recent patents concerning the anticancer effects of S. marianum and silymarin. The data were gathered by searching an extensive literature review conducted in Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Google Patent, Patent Scope, and US Patent. Milk thistle and silymarin have been used in a variety of medical, therapeutic, and pharmaceutical fields, according to a large number of documents and patents. Milk thistle and silymarin have been used as complementary treatments for cancers such as skin, prostate, and colorectal cancers, as well as hepatoprotective agents. Silymarin exerts a chemopreventive effect on reactivating cell death pathways by modulation of the antiapoptotic proteins and synergizing with agonists of death domain receptors. Based on the results of these patents, silymarin could be beneficial to oncology patients, especially for the treatment of the side effects of anticancer chemotherapeutics. Following the human propensity to use phytocompounds rather than medicines based on chemical constituents, special attention must be paid to tie the value of milk thistle and silymarin from basic science to clinical applications.

Cancer is a group of genetic disorders in which the behavior of the cell is disturbed by mutation and other abnormalities thereby posing as the leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is the most common form of liver cancer, highly aggressive with high mortality and incidence rate; and has limited therapeutic options. Most of the conventional cancer chemotherapeutics are associated with undesirable side effects, toxicity, chemoresistance, and high treatment cost, driving the need for a safer and more effective treatment alternative. Medicinal plants and herbs have shown very promising anti-cancer properties which are important for cancer treatment due to their multiple chemical compounds.   Qualitative screening of the ethanolic extractof Allium sativum was conducted showing the different phytochemicalspresent. The levels of liver function and hematological parameters wasdetermined via spectrophotometric analysis. Polymerase Chain Reaction techniquewas used to assess the gene patterns of Tumorsuppressor p53 (TP53). Phytochemical analysis revealed that Allium sativum has properties that antagonize the proliferating process of carcinogenesis in the liver. The NDEA-group showed significant distortion in the liver architecture characterized by vascular congestion of blood sinusoids, cirrhosis, and congestive hepatopathy while the treated groups showed a reduction in the abnormalities and malignant formation. The treated group showed a significant (P<0.05) increase and restored activities of Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Bilirubin and hematological parameters (RBCs, WBCs, and Platelets). TP53 gene amplification was significantly (P<0.05) visible after treatment.  Ethanolic plant extract of A. sativum demonstrates its anticancer properties by improving the liver architecture, increasing the antioxidant defense systems, and activation of the tumor suppressor (TP53) gene. Garlic extract has anti-proliferating properties and can be used as an alternative mode of treatment and prevention for hepatocellular carcinoma.

Recurrence of breast cancer remains a critical problem. Therefore, it is imperative to identify biomarkers that accurately reflect disease state and develop novel drug therapies that are effective even after recurrence. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in the malignant transformation of various tumors. Circulating miRNAs are promising biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of cancers. Additionally, miRNAs are regarded as next-generation drug targets. Currently, various clinical trials are being conducted for anti-cancer drugs using miRNAs. In this review, we summarized recent studies on miRNA functions and circulating miRNAs in breast cancer, and discussed the status of miRNAs as drug discovery candidates. We also discussed the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the clinical application of miRNAs.

Relevant articles published from 2002 to 2021 were acquired from PubMed database using the following key words: “miRNA” and “breast neoplasia”. Clinical trial data were retrieved from the database, ClinicalTrials.gov.

Regulating these miRNAs may provide a new therapeutic strategy. Furthermore, miRNAs may be useful diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for breast cancer. In addition, miRNAs have potential as anti-cancer agents, and may also be used in combination with other therapies to enhance the efficacies of other drugs.

In summary, miRNAs have shown promise as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. In addition, EVs will be the key to expanding the applications of miRNAs.

Doxorubicin, an effective anticancer agent, might impair the function of testicular tissue and lead to infertility. Royal jelly can heal male infertility because of its antioxidant activities. This study aimed to evaluate the histologic, genetic and biochemical repair potential of royal jelly on doxorubicin-induced male reproductive system side effects during eight chemotherapy cycles in mice. In this study, 77 male Balb/c mice (11 mice in each group) were divided to: no medication as sham group, normal saline (0.09%), royal jelly (50, 100 mg/kg), doxorubicin (2 mg/kg), and royal jelly+doxorubicin groups, receiving treatment once a week for six weeks. Histological and biochemical factors of male reproductive system were evaluated. There was a significant reduction in testicular weight, spermatozoa parameters, diameter of seminiferous tubules, and total antioxidant capacity levels in the doxorubicin group compared to the control group (p<0.05), whereas these parameters in the royal jelly (50, 100 mg/kg)+doxorubicin groups were significantly increased compared to  the doxorubicin group (p<0.05). Malondialdehyde, apoptotic index, and its regulatory genes were significantly higher in the doxorubicin group, while these parameters were decreased in the royal jelly (50, 100 mg/kg)+doxorubicin groups in comparison with the doxorubicin group (p<0.05). Royal jelly protects male reproductive system damage induced by doxorubicin administration in mice. This protection was observed in both histological and biochemical respects. This beneficial effect of royal jelly can be attributed to its antioxidant properties.

Chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) is still distressing adverse effect for patients. Thus, we conducted this study to assess the compliance of CINV prophylaxis patterns with NCCN guideline.

136 Patients with any kind of malignancy who undergoes chemotherapy in Shahid Ghazi hospital, Tabriz, Iran, were included in this study. Adherence rate to the NCCN guideline of anti-emetic therapy for different emetogenic potential chemotherapy regimens was evaluated.

All patients received their prophylaxis 30 min before chemotherapy, which is completely adherent to guideline. Hematological malignancies were associated with higher adherence rate (P=0.032). For high and moderate emetic risk patients, dexamethasone and ondansetron were remarkably under-dosed, whereas Granisetron was over-dosed. Adherence rate to guideline in high and moderate and minimal emetic risk chemotherapy was 72.3%, 22.9% and 69.2% respectively. None of low emetic risk patients received guideline compliant prophylaxis. In all emetic risk levels, 50 (36.8%) patients received guideline adherent prophylaxis.

As results indicated, adherence rate wasn’t optimal. Available dosage form of a medication has great impact on appropriate prescription. Thus, it is suggested for pharmaceutical companies to be informed about recent guidelines’ updates and subsequently produce proper dosage forms for different indications.

Radical prostatectomy is an effective curative treatment option for organ-confined prostate cancer. There is a recent trend in offering curative treatment to patients with oligometastatic disease. More sensitive imaging modalities can identify oligometastatic disease that is not usually detected by conventional imaging techniques.

We present a case in which a solitary left para-aortic metastatic lesion was ablated; using CyberKnife image-guided stereotactic radiotherapy after robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy with negative margins and negative lymph node status.

With the increasing number of patients diagnosed with oligometastatic prostate cancer, there is a paradigm shift towards its treatment with curative intent. The unusual sites of metastasis, can be cured effectively with Cyber Knife technology, whilst minimising adverse effects. Our report is an effort to highlight this technique as an effective treatment modality to be used and popularised as a standard option.

 Microalgae  are  known  for  their  bioactive  compounds  with  potential applications as antimicrobial, antiaging, and anticancer activities. Spirulina platensis (S. platensis) is a filamentous and photosynthetic microorganism that has 25 kinds of vitamins and minerals that contain many compounds with biotic activity such as alkaloids, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, and saponins. Saponins are mainly present in plants; while there are few studies about their role in microalgae. This study aims to investigate the anticancer potential of extracted saponins from S. platensis.

Saponins were extracted; using distilled water and n-butanol. The total extracted saponin was dried and weighed. The cellular viability of HepG2, MCF-7, and MDA- MB-123 cell lines was evaluated; using MTT assay after 24 h treatment with 0.02-2 mg/ ml of saponins extracted from S. platensis.   Morphology of cell lines was evaluated by invert microscopy.

Total saponin extracted from S. platensis was estimated at 28±0.0005 mg/g dry wt. Thin-layer chromatography profiles showed four bands for saponins with Rf values of 0.44, 0.48, 0.50, and 0.55. The cytotoxic activity after 24 h treatment with 0.02-2 mg/ml of saponins was a concentration-dependent manner. The highest toxicity of saponins with IC50=0.22 mg/ml was observed in MDA-MB-123 cells. In HepG2 and MCF-7 cells IC50 value was obtained in 0.35 mg/ml and 0.4 mg/ml, respectively.

This is the first report to evaluate the anticancer effects of saponins from S. platensis in liver and breast cancers. The result showed that saponins from Spirulina decrease cancer cellular viability. Therefore, these compounds can be a candidate for anticancer  agents.

To characterize adverse drug reactions (ADRs) reported by European (EU) consumer for antineoplastic and immunomodulating medications.

ADRs reported by consumers of antineoplastic and immunomodulating medications (anatomical therapeutic chemical [ATC]) group L from 2007 to 2011 and located in the EU ADR database, EudraVigilance, were analyzed. Data were categorized with respect to age and sex, category, and seriousness of reported ADRs and medications. The unit of analysis was one ADR.

We located 9649 ADRs reported for antineoplastic and immunomodulating medications, which approximately 15% of were serious, including 26 deaths. Less than 5% of ADRs were reported in children. Totally 73% of ADRs were reported for women and 27% for men. The majority of ADRs were of the type “general disorders and administration site conditions” (54% of total ADRs), followed by “skin and subcutaneous disorders” (7% of total ADRs), and “infections and infestations” (6% of total ADRs). Reports encompassed medicines from the therapeutic groups: Imunosupressants (ATC group L04) (90% of all ADRs), immunostimulants (ATC group L03) (6% of all ADRS), and antineoplastic agents (ATC group L01) (4% of all ADRs). Many ADRs were reported for etanercept (Enbrel®), Interferon beta (Betaferon®/Extavia®), and imatinib (Glivec®) with only few being serious.

In general, consumers reported a high number of ADRs from the use of antineoplastic and immunostimulant medications and many of these were classified as non‑serious. This indicates that consumers are interesting in reporting ADRs, but since the investigated substances potentially have the risk of causing many ADRs, we expected a higher number of serious ADRs.

Cancer is a major cause of death worldwide and novel anticancer agents for its better management are much needed. Benzopyrone-based compounds, such as chromones, possess several distinctive chemical and biological properties, of which the cytotoxicity against cancer cells seems to be prominent. In this study, two series of compounds based on chromen-4-one (3-10) and chromane-2,4-dione (11-18) scaffolds were synthesized in moderate/high yields and evaluated for cytotoxicity against HL-60, MOLT-4, and MCF-7 cancer cells using MTT assay. In general, the compounds exhibited moderate cytotoxic effects against the cancer cell lines, among which, a superior potency could be observed against MOLT-4 cells. Chroman-2,4-dione (11-18) derivatives had overall higher potencies compared to their chromen-4-one (3-10) counterparts. Compound 13 displayed the lowest IC50 values against HL-60 (IC50, 42.0 ± 2.7 µM) and MOLT-4 cell lines (IC50, 24.4 ± 2.6 µM), while derivative 11 showed the highest activity against MCF-7 cells (IC50, 68.4 ± 3.9 µM). In conclusion, this study provides important information on the cytotoxic effects of chromone derivatives. Benzochroman-2,4-dione has been identified as a promising scaffold, which its potency can be modulated by tailored synthesis with the aim of finding novel and dissimilar anticancer compounds.