جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Childhood obesity » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Context:

 Childhood pre-obesity and obesity rates have been rapidly growing worldwide over the past decades. Copper homeostasis is gaining increasing attention in the physiopathology of obesity. Strong evidence indicates that a disturbance of copper homeostasis plays an important role in the development of obesity and its related comorbidities. Under physiological conditions, copper plays a significant role in regulatory, immunologic, and antioxidant functions resulting in protection against inflammation and oxidative stress, and consequently against the known comorbidities of obesity. Nevertheless, despite the growing body of research, information about copper status in obesity, particularly in childhood obesity, is scarce. 

Evidence Acquisition:

 This brief narrative review examines the latest data published in the last five years using various databases, such as PubMed, Scopus, Unpaywall (COBISS), and EBSCO to emphasize the major current findings in research related to this topic. 

The most recent studies have yielded strong evidence in support of altered copper status in childhood obesity; nevertheless.

Further studies are needed to clarify the role of copper in the physiopathology of childhood obesity.

Childhood overweight and obesity was once a disease of affluent countries but nowadays it is a burning issue in developing countries too. As it is a lifestyle disease, it increases manifold chances of the development of different non-communicable diseases in adult life. The study was conducted to assess the effects of different determinants of childhood obesity. 

The study was conducted to assess the effects of different determinants of childhood obesity.

A cross-sectional study was conducted for six months among seventy-five pediatric out-patient attendees aged 5-18 years of a teaching hospital in West Bengal. Socio-demographic characteristics including physical activity levels were taken with a questionnaire, anthropometric measurements, and laboratory investigations, and carotid intima-medial thickness (CIMT) was measured with B-mode USG. Data were analyzed with SPSS software, version 22, Epi Info, and WHO Anthro plus software, version 1.0.4. 

Statistically significant association between childhood overweight and obesity was found with exclusive breastfeeding, high lipid profile and blood sugar, physical inactivity, high liver function test, and CIMT values. 

The alarming increase in childhood overweight and obesity indicates the need for more comprehensive preventive interventions to avoid the pandemic of this impending non-communicable disease.

Promoting physical activity (PA) is a critical first step in preventing and lowering the prevalence of non-communicable chronic diseases across all age groups. The Global Observatory on Physical Activity (GoPA) of the World Health Organization (WHO) suggested country-specific guidelines for promoting PA across all age categories to achieve this. However, despite an increase in obesity, there is no information on their compliance for pre-secondary school children in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). We mapped evidence in the literature and described the available evidence on implementing GoPA recommendations for presecondary school children in SSA.

This scoping review included a search in PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Cochrane Library with the dates 2013–2020, using keywords and the terms (Physical activity OR exercise AND (GoPA recommendations OR Guidelines) AND ((presecondary school children) OR (primary school children) OR (basic school children) OR (children)). The most important data were tabulated.

Twenty-three studies were identified of which ten were eligible for data extraction. Of these ten studies, 2 (20%) were conducted in Nigeria, 4 (40%) in South Africa, 2 (20%) in Ghana and 1(10%) each in Kenya and Senegal were extracted. None of these nations has a national plan or strategy to promote PA and reduce sedentary behaviors (SB).

A gap in the formulation of PA guidelines exists in SSA. Urgent action is needed for a national plan or strategy by individual country in SSA to reduce the burden of physical inactivity among school children in SSA.

The chronic inflammatory state that occurs in obesity causes metabolic complications such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, insulin resistance, hepatosteatosis, and cardiovascular disorder. Dyslipidemia secondary to obesity, which is an important cause of morbidity, is a worldwide concern. Dyslipidemia has an essential role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease (CVD).

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with dyslipidemia in obese children and adolescents.

This single-center, retrospective, cross-sectional study included 1,136 obese patients. Fasting lipid, liver transaminases, glucose, and insulin levels were measured, and ultrasound scans (US) were performed. Other clinical assessments included waist-to-hip ratio, blood pressure, and the presence of acanthosis nigricans and striae.

Dyslipidemia was present in 644 (56.7%) cases. Puberty, high body mass index (BMI), increased waist-hip ratio, increased homeostasis model of assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), high uric acid, and acanthosis nigricans were found to be risk factors for dyslipidemia.

The prevalence of dyslipidemia in obese children was high and increased with puberty. Therefore, obese children and adolescents should be closely monitored for dyslipidemia that predisposes them to adolescent CVD.

Child obesity is one of the main health problems all across the world, which leads to mental and physical health problems. There is no specific tool based on the constructs of social-cognitive theory (SCT) to assess the factors associated with child obesity. The aim of this study was to investigate the validity and confirmatory factor analysis of a SCT-based questionnaire for assessing obesity preventing behaviors among 4-6-year-old children.
This cross-sectional study was conducted to validate a SCT-based instrument for measuring factors affecting obesity prevention behaviors among children aged 4-6 years. 240 preschool children aged 4 to 6 years in Behbahan city, southwest Iran participated in the study. After performing the forward-backward translation method, the face, content, and construct validity of the SCT-based questionnaire were confirmed. The content validity index (CVI) and the content validity ratio (CVR) were used to assess the difficulty, relevancy, and ambiguity of the items, and Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed to measure the construct validity. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was also performed to evaluate the fitness of the model. Reliability of the questionnaire was also measured through Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). The obesity prevention behaviors used in the model included physical activity, consumption of fruit and vegetable, consumption of sugar-free drinks, and screen.
Results of this study confirmed the acceptable content and face validity of the SCT-based questionnaire. The results of confirmatory factor analysis also confirmed the factor loading of more than 0.3 for all variables; therefore the SCT-based questionnaire had an acceptable validity and reliability.
Since the SCT-based questionnaire had an acceptable validity and reliability, it can be used to assess the obesity prevention behaviors in 4-6-year-old children, and also to design relevant educational interventions.

Context:

 Childhood obesity has become one of the most concerning public health issues and several innovative strategies are being applied to tackle the issue. Reformulation of children-oriented food products may play a role in improving childhood obesity. However, there is not sufficient evidence that shows the effectiveness of this policy. This paper provides a systematic review of the evidence to examine the efficacy of food product reformulation on calorie intake and weight modification of children with obesity.

Evidence Acquisition:

 A comprehensive literature search was undertaken for different types of studies. PubMed, Cochrane Library Database, EMBASE and SCOPUS were referred to as the source of literature.

 Seven thousand four hundred and three results were entered into our study for screening and evaluation. Our study showed that there was no clear evidence that supported the effectiveness of this intervention. However, some bodies of literature show calorie intake reduction, but no weight modification.

 Although there is enough evidence to show that reformulation may promote healthy dietary patterns, its impact on weight status is not convincing. Long term running intervention needs to be applied to examine the possible implications of food reformulation policy on the weight status of the children.

 Physical environment contamination and in particular, air pollution might cause long-term adverse effects in child growth and a higher risk of catching non-communicable diseases later in life.

This study aimed to overview the human studies on the association of exposure to ambient Particulate Matter (PM) with childhood obesity.
Data Sources: We systematically searched human studies published until March 2018 in PubMed, Scopus, Ovid, ISI Web of Science, Cochrane library, and Google Scholar databases.
Study Selection: All studies that explored the association between PM exposure and childhood obesity were assessed in the present study, and finally, 5 studies were used in the meta-analysis.
Data Extraction: Two independent researchers performed the data extraction procedure and quality assessment of the studies. The papers were qualitatively assessed by STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology) statement checklist.

The pooled analysis of PM exposure was significantly associated with increased Body Mass Index (BMI) (Fisher’s z-distribution=0.028; 95% CI=0.017, 0.038) using the fixed effects model. We also used a random-effect model because we found a significant high heterogeneity of the included studies concerning the PM (I2=94.4%; P<0.001). PM exposure was associated with increased BMI (Fisher’s z-distribution=0.022; 95% CI=-0.057, 0.102). However, the overall effect size was not significant, and heterogeneity of the included studies was similar to the fixed effect model. 

Our findings on the significant association between PM10 exposure and the increased BMI (r=0.034; 95%CI=0.007, 0.061) without heterogeneity (I2=16.6%, P=0.274) (in the studies with PM10) suggest that the PM type might account for the heterogeneity among the studies. 

The findings indicate that exposure to ambient PM10 might have significant effects on childhood obesity.

This study aimed to identify percent body fat cut-off points related to metabolic syndrome in a large sample of Korean adolescents. The subjects (n=2120; boys=1107, girls=1013) were middle and high school students aged 12–17 yr who participated in the Korean National Fitness Award Project in 2013. Percent body fat was estimated via eight-polar bioelectrical impedance analysis. Metabolic syndrome was classified using established standards based on the National Cholesterol Education Program with the definition modified for age. Age- and sex-specific percent body fat z-scores were calculated for every adolescent using skewness, median, and coefficient of variation curves to account for growth and development. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to identify the percent body fat cut-off points using percent body fat z-scores from skewness, median, and coefficient of variation curves as the test and metabolic syndrome as the criterion. Based on the modified National Cholesterol Education Program criteria for metabolic syndrome, the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve for percent body fat were 0.882 and 0.893 for boys and girls, respectively. The percent body fat percentiles were 82.2 and 87.3 for boys and girls, respectively. According to the skewness, median, and coefficient of variation curves, the percent body fat cut-off points based on the modified National Cholesterol Education Program criteria were 23.6%-25.7% for boys and 32.8%-37.3% for girls, both aged 12-17 yr. Age- and sex-specific percent body fat cut-off points were identified in relation to the metabolic syndrome status of Korean adolescents. These percent body fat cut-offs might be useful for identifying metabolic abnormality due to obesity in Korean adolescents.

During the last decade, lifestyle changes considerably leading to an increase in non-communicable diseases such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) accounted as the most common cause of chronic liver disease in children. The present study aimed to assess the prevalence and clinical characteristics of NAFLD overweight and obese children. This is a cross-sectional study. A total of 200 overweight and/or obese children aged 12 to 18 years were enrolled by a multi-stage sampling method. All participants underwent an abdominal ultrasound after six hours of fasting. Beside liver function tests, lipid profile, and fasting blood glucose were measured after 12 hours of fasting. The NAFLD was reported in 108 individuals (54%). The prevalence of NAFLD was significantly higher in obese children compared to overweight ones (69.1% vs. 35.6%, P < 0.001). The logistic regression results show that there was a significant relationship between age, sex, and BMI and the prevalence of NAFLD (P < 0.001). The results indicate that NAFLD is present in approximately half of the overweight and/or obese adolescents. Therefore being overweight and/or obese could be considered as main risk factors in development of NAFLD.

To examine the prevalence of overweight and obesity among schoolchildren in our region and to compare the results with previous studies conducted in the same region in 2005 and 2009.

This study was conducted at seven primary and three high schools in the center of the province of Isparta, Turkey in 2014, randomly selected for two studies of obesity five and nine years previously. Students were weighed and measured, and BMI was calculated. The results were then compared with those from 2005 and 2009.

The study consisted of 7116 students, 3445 (48.4%) females, and with a mean age of 11.7±2.7 yr (range 5.8-18.9 yr). The prevalence of overweight was 13.6% and that of obesity 9.9%. When the data were compared with the 2005 and 2009 studies, a statistically significant increase was determined in the prevalence of overweight (X2 = 4.826, P=0.0280 and X2 =19.012, P

The prevalence of combined overweight and obesity was stable over the nine years, but there was significant increase in the prevalence of overweight. Population-based preventive strategies, therefore, need to be maintained and intensified.

Nowadays, childhood obesity is a matter of significant concern because of its negative effects on personal health and harmful socioeconomic consequences. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of lifestyle education based on the health belief model for mothers of obese and overweight school‑age children on obesity‑related behaviors.
In this quasi‑experimental study, 64 obese and overweight elementary students and their mothers who met the inclusion criteria participated. The participants were randomly categorized into two groups (experimental and control). The experimental group received the considered interference, which consisted of four educational sessions based on the health belief model. Data collection tool was a standard questionnaire. The questionnaire filled by the participants during interviews conducted before, immediately after, and two months after the intervention. Data were analyzed using Mann–Whitney, Chi‑square, student’s t‑test, repeated‑measures analysis of variance, and least significant difference tests.
Mean scores of obesity‑related behavior before the intervention were not significantly different between the experimental and control group (53.41 (6.78). vs 54.72 (4.63); P = 0.37), however, were different immediately after (58.41 (6.88) vs 54.81 (4.66); P = 0.02) and two months after the intervention (62.34 (8.62) vs 55.84 (7.59); P = 0.002).
This study indicated the effectiveness of lifestyle education based on the health belief model for improving obesity‑related behaviors. Therefore, the use of this educational program is recommended for mothers.

WHO focuses on developing health literacy (HL) referring to cognitive and social skills. Our objectives were to develop a scale for evaluating the HL level of Thai childhood overweight, and develop a path model of health behavior (HB) for preventing obesity.
Study design: A cross-sectional study.
This research used a mixed method. Overall, 2,000 school students were aged 9 to 14 yr collected by stratified random sampling from all parts of Thailand in 2014. Data were analyzed by CFA, LISREL.
Reliability of HL and HB scale ranged 0.62 to 0.82 and factor loading ranged 0.33 to 0.80, the subjects had low level of HL (60.0%) and fair level of HB (58.4%), and the path model of HB, could be influenced by HL from three paths. Path 1 started from the health knowledge and understanding that directly influenced the eating behavior (effect sized - β was 0.13, P HL Scale for Thai childhood overweight should be implemented as a screening tool developing HL by the public policy for health promotion.

While teachers and school nurses may not be able to provide nutrition education to students because of their other duties, registered dietitians have the necessary training in counseling, nutrition education, nutrition therapy, and food service management to be effective at childhood obesity prevention.
The purpose of eating good and moving like we should (EGMLWS), a school-based intervention, was to create a successful program to prevent and reduce childhood obesity in the Mississippi Delta by providing nutrition education by a registered dietitian.
The subjects were 1,891 third (school year 2012 - 2013) and fourth graders (2013 - 2014) in 7 Mississippi schools in the north Mississippi River Delta region. The school-based nutrition and physical activity education program was designed to address overweight and obesity in the Mississippi Delta and north Mississippi regions by helping children make healthier nutrition and physical activity choices. The registered dietitian provided nutrition education and consulted to make school menus healthier and more appealing. Pre-and post-school year heights and weights were measured.
Paired t-tests showed significantly lowered mean BMI in 5 schools (P School-based nutrition interventions that feature a registered dietitian can make an impact. The EGMLWS program improved the nutrition knowledge and nutrition-related attitudes of north Mississippi Delta third and fourth graders and significantly improved BMI in 5 of 7 schools.

Obesity in children and adolescents is a serious public-health concern, and obesity research has become an important field of study.
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors of overweight and obesity in elementary-school children from the first to eighth grade.
This is a descriptive, cross-sectional study. The research sample included 3,028 children from seven elementary schools selected according to stratified random sampling. The data were obtained using a demographic form and a 25-question survey. Each child’s height and weight were measured by the researchers. The data were analyzed by frequency and logistic regression in the statistical package for the social sciences and Excel programs.
The children were all between 5 and 15 years old. 51.2% of the children were male, 13.4% were overweight (between 85 and 95th percentile) according to the Body Mass Index, and 8.7% were obese (above 95th percentile). Risk factors for obesity included having moderate (OR:2.57, 95%,CI: 1.10 - 6.00) or high socioeconomic status (OR:2.97, CI: 1.26 - 6.98), mother’s university education (OR:2.34, CI: 1.16 - 4.74), overweight or obese mother (OR:2.00, CI: 1.14 - 3.52), overweight or obese father (OR:1.96, CI: 1.06 - 3.62), and consuming milk pudding more than 4 times per week (OR:2.76, CI: 1.21 - 6.26). Consuming nuts more than 4 times per week was a preventive factor against being overweight (OR:0.36, CI: 0.26 - 0.78) and obese (OR:0.01, CI: 0.20 - 0.85). Risk factors for overweight included being male, traveling to school by car, mother with higher education levels, and overweight or obese parents.
Childhood overweight and obesity are important problems that must be resolved. Pediatric nurses can play an important role in the identification of overweight and obese children in schools. They can organize obesity-prevention programs for groups at risk.

Obesity has become a serious problem for Chinese Han nationality. This research aimed to evaluate the prevalence of and trends in obesity among Chinese Korean nationality children and adolescents (1991–2010).
We used data from Chinese National Surveys on Students’ Constitution and Health (CNSSCH). CNSSCH was utilized to monitor Chinese students’ health condition and released its data every 5 yr (1991, 1995, 2000, 2005 and 2010). The standard weight-for-height was the 80th percentile for sex- and age-specific growth charts based on the 1985 CNSSCH data. Obesity was defined as ≧120% of standard weight-for-height.
The total age-adjusted prevalence of obesity was 15.9% (95% confidence interval (CI), 14.9-16.9%) among Chinese Korean children and adolescents aged 7 to 18 yr. Children or adolescents who were boys (Rate ratios (RR), 1.35; 95% CI, 1.19–1.53) or aged 10–12 (RR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.17–1.63) were more likely to be obese. The trend analysis of the 19-yr period implied a serious annual increasing trend during 1991-2000 (RR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.02–1.07) and during 2000-2010 (RR,, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.11–1.13). Chinese Korean children may also be more likely to become obese than Han nationality children during 1991-2010.
A serious and continuous increasing trend was in the prevalence of obesity among Chinese Korean children and adolescents during 1991–2010. Childhood obesity had become a serious problem. This prognosis is worrisome.

Metabolic Syndrome (MS) in children and adolescents is becoming a global public health concern. MS tracks into adulthood increasing the risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. This study was designed to verify the rate of MS in elementary school students of Birjand, as a representative sample of Iranian children to verify the best preventive measures in this age group. This descriptive-analytical, cross-sectional study was performed on 1425 elementary school children through multiple-cluster sampling in 2013. Height, weight, waist circumference and blood pressure of children were measured by standard methods. Blood glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were also measured after 12 hours fasting. MS was defined according to the Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP-III) based on the National Cholesterol Education Program. Data were analyzed by SPSS using t test and chi-square test. Significance level was set at P < 0.05. The prevalence of MS was 5.3% which increased with age. 43.5% of the studied cases had one or more components of the MS. The most common components were hypertension, abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL-cholesterol and impaired fasting glucose, respectively. MS prevalence was 0.9% in normal weight, 11.3% in overweight and 36.2% in obese children. Regarding the high prevalence of MS in elementary school children in our region, screening for obesity is recommended to prevent adulthood complications. Therapeutic lifestyle changes and maintenance of regular physical activity are the most important strategies for preventing childhood obesity.