جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Digestive System » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »
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Background
Today, chronic diseases have spread all over the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) mentions air pollution as the biggest environmental health hazard, attributing 7 million premature deaths every year to this pollution, which includes suspended particles and gases with concentrations that are detrimental to human health. Factors of interest in this field are micrometer diameter particles, tropospheric ozone, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon monoxide. The purpose of this research is to increase public awareness of air pollution and its side effects on different parts of the digestive system.
MethodsA narrative review was done using several databases, including PubMed, Magiran, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Relevant studies published from 1990-2021 were identified.
ResultsGlobally, ecological studies have demonstrated a relationship between short-term exposure to air pollution and several gastrointestinal diseases.
ConclusionThe results of these studies showed that pollutants have a direct effect on the increased prevalence and number of cases of chronic gastrointestinal diseases. The results of this research can inform policymakers in making comprehensive decisions to solve the problem, individuals who are exposed to pollutants, and the public in raising awareness and promoting the use of protective equipment.
Keywords: Air Pollution, Air pollutants, Chronic Diseases, Digestive System, Gastrointestinal Cancer} -
Probiotics are alive and beneficial microorganisms that affect the body’s microbial flora when consumed by humans or animals and have beneficial effects on the health of the host. Nowadays, probiotics are considered a factor in the prevention of many infectious diseases and cancers. Given the particular importance of probiotics, this study aimed to narratively review previous studies on the mode of action of probiotics and the beneficial effects of probiotics on enhancing intestinal immune responses. Articles on this topic were searched in Google Scholar, Springer, Science Direct, and Clinical Trial databases, and systematic review articles examining the effects of probiotics on the function of the intestinal immune response were included in the study. The results of the research showed that probiotics can boost the body’s immune system, break down food due to their ability to produce enzymes, lower the pH of the environment, and secrete bacteriocins. Furthermore, the effect of probiotics on the modulation mechanisms of the innate defense responses of the intestinal epithelium, including the stimulation of trefoil factor 3, induction of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) secretion, stimulation of secretory immunoglobulin production, and stimulation of toll-like receptors increase in heat shock protein production, modulation of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and regulation of mucins by probiotics. Therefore, probiotics are expected to be used as an adjunct treatment for many digestive and infectious diseases.
Keywords: Cellular immunity, Humoral immunity, Probiotics, Digestive system, Intestine} -
مقدمه
سندرم روده تحریک پذیر یکی از بیماریهای شایع گوارشی است که بخش قابل توجهی از جامعه را درگیر می کند. این بیماری که با درد مزمن شکمی و تغییرات در اجابت مزاج همراه است. در زنان شایع تر از مردان بوده و ماهیتی مزمن دارد.
روش کار:
در این مقاله ما به مرور و بررسی مطالعات انجام شده در زمینه پاتوفیزیولوژی سندرم روده تحریک پذیر و بررسی ژن های مرتبط با بروز IBS ازطریق جست و جوی واژگان کلیدی در اینترنت و پایگاه های داده مرتبط مثل PubMed، MEDLINE و Google Scholar پرداختیم.
یافته هادر ادبیات منتشر شده در زمینه IBS، عوامل محیطی مختلفی و همچنین تاثیر برخی از ژن ها به عنوان زمینه ساز بروز این بیماری معرفی شده است که در این مطالعه تلاش شده با بررسی و جمع بندی این موارد، عوامل کلی ایجاد IBS ارایه گردد.
بحث و نتیجه گیریعلی رغم نامشخص ماندن دلیل قطعی بروز این بیماری، عواملی همچون استرس، حوادث دوران کودکی، عفونت قبلی روده ای، تغییرات نوروترانسمیتری مغز و تغییرات ژنتیکی در این بیماران مطرح شده است.
کلید واژگان: سندرم روده تحریک پذیر, دستگاه گوارش, پاتوژنز بیماری, پاتوفیزیولوژی}IntroductionIrritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is known as a prevalent, long-term condition of the digestive system, which affect a significant proportion of societies.
MethodsIn the current study, we have reviewed and investigated on the conducted researches covering IBS pathophysiology and the genes associated with the manifestation of the syndrome.
FindingsThroughout the published literature about IBS, various environmental factors as well as the influence of particular genes have been introduced as the underlying causes of raising IBS. This study is an effort to review, assess and collect data on multiple causes which leads to IBS manifestation.
ConclusionAlthough no certain and definite cause of IBS was found throughout searched and reviewed articles, factors such as stresses, childhood events, previous bowel infection, neurotransmitter changes in brain and genetic alterations have been described and explained through articles. Diagnosing IBS should be done precautiously and primary examinations on inspecting organic diseases in the digestive system should take place prior to diagnosis of the syndrome
Keywords: Irritable Bowel Syndrome, digestive system, Pathogenicity, pathophysiology} -
Background
Unlike some regions of the world where digestive system cancers are not considered as important health problems, these neoplasms are among the most common malignancies in the northern region of Iran.
MethodsThis observational analytical study was carried out based on data collected by the Cancer Registration Center affiliated to the Vice Chancellery for Health of Babol University of Medical Sciences, North of Iran, during 2008-2017. Crude incidence rate (CR), and age-standardized incidence rate (ASR) have been calculated for different GI cancers, based on the primary involved site; and have been compared in different years, patients' age, gender and place of residence.
ResultsTotally, 4332 records were related to digestive system cancers. Mean age of patients was 63.48±14.73 years; men (2743; 63.3%) were more affected than women (1589; 36.7%) (p<0.001). The most incident malignancies of digestive system were from stomach, colorectal and esophagus in men; and colorectal, stomach and esophagus in women, respectively. These three cancers accounted for 3725 (85.98%) of total GI malignancies. The mean age of patients in various types of GI cancers was statistically different (p<0.001). Age- standardized incidence rate showed different values in different years; from 521.40 (95% CI: 462.79-580.00) in year 2016 to 1834.33 (95% CI: 1637.36-2031.29) in year 2008.
ConclusionGastric, esophageal and colorectal cancers were the most prevalent digestive system malignancies in Babol, North of Iran, and accounted for about 86% of all GI tract cancers. A considerable variation has been found in incident gastrointestinal cancers in different years.
Keywords: Digestive System, Gastrointestinal Neoplasms, Incidence, Registries} -
BACKGROUNDEchinococcus granulosis is a parasitic infection most commonly involving the liver. Iran is a hyperendemic area for this disease according to WHO. Despite improvements in medical and interventional radiological techniques, surgery remains the gold standard of treatment; however evidence on different surgical modalities were explained. Considering the high population of referring patients presenting to Omid and Ghaem Hospitals, Mashhad, Iran, we decided to compare the complications of our modified technique with routine technique in hydatid cyst surgery.METHODS56 patients with hydatid cyst of the liver who underwent modified and routine surgical treatment in Ghaem and Omid Hospitals Mashhad, Iran were studied during Aug 2013- Nov 2015. 27 patients underwent modified surgical technique, whereas the remaining 27 patients were treated by using routine surgical method. These two groups of patients were compared with each other according to their postoperative length of hospital stay and resulting complications.RESULTSThe mean age of our patients was 41 years. 27 patients were male and 29 were female. Our results showed no statistically significant difference regarding the incidence of postoperative complications between the two groups. However, mean length of hospital stay was significantly different between the groups (4.5±1.87 and 7.6±2.25 days, respectively, p<0.001).CONCLUSIONThe method of modified surgery with closed cyst drainage, which does not use external drains, is a safe surgical modality in the treatment of hydatid cyst disease of the liver if applied properly on appropriate patients.Keywords: Hydatid Cyst, Hepatic, Surgical procedure, Digestive system, Postoperative complications}
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پیش زمینه و هدفاز آنجایی که آلودگی با آفلاتوکسین در مواد غذایی و خوراک دام مشکل جدی برای سلامت انسان و دام است در این پژوهش توانایی کاهش آفلاتوکسینB1توسط باکتری پروبیوتیک لاکتوباسیلوس اسیدوفیلوس(ATCC 4356) در محیط شبیه سازی شده ی ترشحات دستگاه گوارش انسان حاوی شیرسترون بررسی گردید.مواد و روش کاربدین منظور تعداد باکتری cfu/ml 1010×1 و غلظت آفلاتوکسین 5 میکروگرم بر میلی لیتر در نظر گرفته شد که در محیط شبیه سازی شده ترشحات مصنوعی بزاق دهانی، معده و روده کوچک انسان تلقیح گردید. در این پژوهش شش گروه تیمار در بود و نبود باکتری ، شیرسترون، سوسپانسیون شیره دستگاه گوارش بررسی شد. غلظت آفلاتوکسین باقیمانده توسط کروماتوگرافی مایع با کارایی بالا و تخلیص با ستون ایمونوافینیتی تعیین گردید و نتایج توسط نرم افزار آماری SPSS20تحلیل شد. نتایج نشان داد که کاهش آفلاتوکسین B1 در تمام تیمارها با استفاده از HPLC با حد تشخیص 25/0میکروگرم بر میلی لیتر و حد تعیین کمی 75/0 میکروگرم بر میلی لیتر اندازه گیری شد. مقادیر بازیافت مایکوتوکسین AFB1 بین 89 تا 94درصد بود منحنی درجه بندی آفلاتوکسین B1با ضریب همبستگی 995/0 در گستره غلظتی1تا10 نانوگرم بر میلی لیتر خطی بود.یافته هابیشترین میانگین درصد حذف آفلاتوکسین B1توسط سویه پروبیوتیک لاکتوباسیلوس اسیدوفیلوس در نبود شیر سترون حدود022/0±70درصد و کمترین میزان حذف مربوط به گروه یک به میزان 017/0±86/13بود که تفاوت معنی داری برای شش گروه وجود داشت(P<0/05).بحث و نتیجه گیرینتایج نشانگر این بود که باکتری پروبیوتیک لاکتوباسیلوس اسیدوفیلوس، عامل زیستی مناسبی برای حذف یا کاهش آفلاتوکسین B1 را در دستگاه گوارش انسان هست و همچنین علاوه بر باکتری، شیره معده و روده کوچک هم در کاهش یا حذف آفلاتوکسین B1موثر می باشند.کلید واژگان: باکتری پروبیوتیک, لاکتوباسیلوس اسیدوفیلوس, آفلاتوکسینB1, دستگاه گوارش, سم زدایی, کروماتوگرافی مایع با کارایی بالا}Background and AimsSince aflatoxin contamination in food and livestock feed is considered as a serious health problem for human and animal health, this research focused on the ability of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 in reducing aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in a simulated human gastrointestinal tract containing Sterilized milk.Materials and MethodsFor this purpose, the bacteria count and aflatoxin concentration were adjusted to 1×1010 Cfu/ml and 5 ppm, respectively. In the simulated medium, artificial oral salivary, human small intestine and gastric secretions were inoculated. This study involved 6 treatment in the presence and absence of bacteria, sterilized milk, and gastrointestinal juice suspension. The concentration of residual aflatoxin was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and purification by Immunoaffinity column. The results were statistically analyzed by SPSS 20 software. The results indicated that reduction of aflatoxin B1 at all treatments were determined using HPLC with a detection limit of 0.25mg/ml and a quantification limit of 0.75 mg/ml. The mycotoxin recovery was 89% and 94% for AFB1 Good linearity was observed for all the analytes of interest, with correlation coefficients 0.995 within their respective linear ranges.ResultsThe highest percentage of AFB1 removal by probiotic strain of Lactobacillus acidophilus was 70±0.022% in the absence of sterilized milk, where there was a significant difference for the six groups (PConclusionThe results also revealed that probiotic bacteria cell was a good biological agent for elimination or reduction of AFB1 in the human gastrointestinal tract. In addition to bacteria, gastric juice and small intestine contribute to elimination or reduction of AFB1Keywords: Probiotic bacteria, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Aflatoxin B1, toxin binding, Digestive System, detoxification, High-performance liquid chromatography}
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زمینه و هدفمواجهه با سرطان موجب ایجاد بحران در ابعاد جسمی، روانی و معنوی می شود. سلامت معنوی ابعاد مختلف زندگی انسان را هماهنگ می کند و جهت سازگاری با بیماری لازم است. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی سلامت معنوی، بخشش و راهبردهای مقابله ای در بیماران مبتلا به سرطان های دستگاه گوارش انجام گرفته است.مواد و روش هااین مطالعه از نوع توصیفی مقطعی می باشد که در این مطالعه 45 بیمار مبتلا به انواع مختلف سرطان های دستگاه گوارش مراجعه کننده به مرکز آموزشی درمانی امام رضا (ع) دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تبریز طی سال 96 مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. در این مطالعه از پرسشنامه های سلامت معنوی الیسون، پرسشنامه بخشش ری و پرسشنامه راهبردهای مقابله ای مذهبی پارگامنت و کوئینیگ استفاده شد. برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها از آمار توصیفی، آزمون t مستقل و ضریب همبستگی اسپیرمن توسط نرم افزار SPSS 19 استفاده شد. rs=0/61یافته هانتایج نشان داد که بین بخشش و سلامت معنوی (rs=0/61 ،P>0/1) ، بین بخشش با راهبردهای مقابله ای مذهبی (rs=0/73 ،P=0/31) و بین سلامت معنوی با راهبردهای مقابله ای مذهبی (rs=0/44 ،P=0/1) رابطه مثبت و معنی دار آماری وجود داشت.ملاحظات اخلاقیهمه افراد مورد مطالعه از محتوای مطالعه آگاهی یافتند و اگر موافق شرکت در مطالعه بودند، فرم رضایت نامه کتبی برای تمامی آن ها تکمیل شد.نتیجه گیرینتایج مطالعه نشان داد بیشتر بیماران مبتلا به سرطان از سطح سلامت معنوی بالایی برخوردارند. احساسات مثبت زمینه را برای بروز بخشیدن ایجاد می کند. راهبردهای مقابله ای مذهبی منجر به تجارب هیجانی خوشایندی می گردد و عواطف مثبت نیز در افراد باعث احساس رضایت از زندگی و شکرگزاری و بخشش خواهد بود.کلید واژگان: سلامت معنوی, بخشش, راهبرد مقابله ای, سرطان, دستگاه گوارش}Background and AimExposure to cancer causes the physical, psychological and spiritual aspects. Spiritual health coordinates different aspects of human life and it is necessary to adapt to the disease. The present study was conducted to investigate the spiritual health, forgiveness and coping strategies in patients with gastrointestinal cancers.Materials and MethodsThis is a cross-sectional descriptive study. In this study, 45 patients with various types of gastrointestinal cancers referred to the Imam Reza Educational Center of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in 2018 were evaluated. Ellison Spiritual Wellness Questionnaire, Ray Forgive Questionnaire, and Pargament and Queen's Religious Coping Strategies Questionnaire were used. For data analysis, descriptive statistics, independent t-test and Spearman correlation coefficient were used by SPSS 19 software.FindingsThe results showed significant correlation between forgiveness and spiritual health (P<0.001, rs=0.61), forgiveness with religious coping strategies (P=0.031, rs=0.73) and spiritual well-being. There was a significant positive correlation with religious coping strategies and Spiritual Health (P=0.001, rs=0.44).Ethical ConsiderationsAll subjects were informed on the content of the study and if they agreed to participate, a written informed consent was obtained.ConclusionThe results of study showed that most patients with cancer have a high spiritual level. Positive emotions resulted in better self-expression. Religious coping strategies lead to delightful emotional experiences and positive emotions in subjects and it will make life satisfying and thanksgiving and full of forgiveness.Keywords: Spiritual Wellbeing, Forgiveness, Coping Strategy, Cancer, Digestive System}
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مقایسه میزان علایم روان رنجور بین بیماران گوارشی، همراهان سالم و گروه شاهدزمینه و هدفتداخل عوامل روانی و جسمانی در مورد فعالیت های دستگاه گوارش، همیشه در عمق اندیشه انسان جای داشته است. این پژوهش با هدف مقایسه میزان علایم روان رنجور بین بیماران گوارشی، همراهان سالم و گروه شاهد انجام شد.مواد و روش هاپژوهش حاضر از نوع علی- مقایسه ای بود که به روش توصیفی انجام گردید. شرکت کنندگان پژوهش به صورت در دسترس انتخاب شدند و در سه گروه بیماران گوارشی (100 نفر)، همراهان سالم (60 نفر) و گروه شاهد (100 نفر) قرار گرفتند. سپس، آزمون SCL-90-R (Symptom Checklist-90-Revised) برای آنان اجرا گردید. داده ها پس از جمع آوری، در نرم افزار SPSS مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت.یافته هابین سه گروه مورد مطالعه، از نظر روان پریشی (04/0 = P)، وسواس- اجبار (01/0 > P)، شکایات جسمانی (01/0 > P) و اضطراب (02/0 = P) تفاوت معنی داری وجود داشت. بین دو گروه بیمار و شاهد نیز از نظر ضریب کلی علایم (Global Symptom Index یا GSI) (02/0 = P)، روان پریشی (01/0 = P)، وسواس- اجبار (01/0 > P)، شکایات جسمانی (01/0 > P) و اضطراب (01/0 = P) تفاوت معنی داری مشاهده شد. همچنین، تفاوت بین دو گروه همراه و شاهد از نظر وسواس- اجبار (02/0 = P) و اضطراب (04/0=P) معنی دار بود.نتیجه گیریبه طور کلی، نتایج پژوهش حاضر قبل از هر چیز به رابطه بین علایم روان رنجور با بیماری های گوارشی می پردازد. نتایج به دست آمده می تواند بستری را برای بررسی عمیق تر اختلالات گوارش فراهم نماید. این امر گام مهمی در جهت تبیین و شناخت بیماری های گوارش خواهد بود و از طرف دیگر، تلویحات مهمی در زمینه های درمانی خواهد داشت. همچنین، پیشنهاد می گردد در آینده مطالعات مشابهی با وسعت و عمق بیشتری انجام گیرد.کلید واژگان: علایم روان رنجور, بیماران گوارشی, دستگاه گوارش}Comparison of Neurotic Symptoms in Patients with Gastrointestinal Disease, Their Healthy Relatives, and Control GroupAim andBackgroundInterference of psychological and physical factors in the digestive system has always been of grave importance. The aim of this study was to compare neurotic symptoms among patients with gastrointestinal disease, their healthy relatives, and a control group.
Methods and Materials: This causal-comparative study was conducted through a descriptive design. The study participants were selected through convenience sampling and divided into patients (n = 100), healthy relatives (n = 60), and control (n = 100) groups. The data collection tool was the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R). Data were analyzed in SPSS software.
Findings: A significant difference was observed between the three groups in terms of psychosis (P = 0.04), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) (PConclusionsThere is a strong relationship between gastrointestinal symptoms and emotional problems. The results of the present study can be a basis for more in-depth studies on gastrointestinal disorders, and an important step toward the description, recognition, and treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. The performance of similar studies with a wider scope and greater depth is suggested.Keywords: Neurotic symptoms, Gastrointestinal patients, Digestive system} -
Saffron, the dried red-orange stigmas of Crocus sativus L, has been known as a flavoring agent, food coloring and traditional herbal medicine. Pharmacological effects of saffron are mainly attributed to crocin, crocetin, picrocrocin and safranal. These components especially crocin, have significant effects including antidepressant and anticonvulsant, analgesic, anti-cancer and other therapeutic effects on different parts of our body namely cardiovascular, immune, respiratory, genital-urinary and central nervous system. According to the reports and findings, saffron plays a key role to cure different digestive system disorders via chemopreventive, inhibition of cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis, antioxidant effects and radical scavenging, genoprotective property, prevention of lipid peroxidation and anti-inflammatory processes. The outcome of the above mentioned mechanisms shows potential therapeutic properties of saffron against liver cancer, hepatotoxicity, fatty liver, hyperlipidemia, stomach cancer, peptic ulcer, colon cancer, ulcerative colitis, diabetes and pancreas cancer and ileum contractions. According to global statistics, the susceptibility to intestinal diseases is considered as a significant matter and can be important in health planning in any community. Several strategies for treatment and prevention of the digestive system diseases have provided that the use of herbal remedies seems effective and useful. Considering the available findings, the present study aims to introduce saffron as a prophylactic and therapeutic agent against gastrointestinal tract disorders. However, further clinical studies seem necessary in various aspects of saffron effects in different parts of body to verify these findings.Keywords: Crocetin, Crocin, Crocus sativus L, Digestive system, Picrocrocin, Safranal, Saffron}
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BackgroundCyclospora species are rare among other Coccidia parasites and can cause recurrent gastroenteritis. Cyclospora spp. can infect reptiles, insects, rodents, and mammals.ObjectivesThe present study aimed to determine the epidemiology of Cyclospora spp. in Malatya province and its neighboring provinces.Patients andMethodsTotally, 2281 stool samples taken from patients with digestive system complaints who referred to the polyclinics affiliated with Inonu University, Faculty of Medicine in Malatya Province and its neighboring provinces, in 2006, and whose stool specimens were submitted to the parasitology department were examined. A questionnaire was developed to determine the epidemiology of Cyclospora spp. in the patients as the dependent variable of the study. All the participants signed an informed written consent. The samples were coated with Entellan™ after staining via acid-fast staining and were examined on an immersion microscope objective. The data are presented as mean, standard deviation, or number/percentage. The chi-square test was used for the statistical analyses. Statistically, a P value < 0.05 was accepted as meaningful.ResultsThe stool samples were examined via direct microscopic examination and acid-fast staining. Positivity was determined in 129 (5.7%) cases. In the overall assessment of the patients with respect to general body itching, rectal itching, allergy, immunosuppression plus cancer, shortness of breath, ulcerative colitis, diarrhea, abdominal pain, salivation, constipation, nausea, vomiting, growth retardation, and anemia, there was no significant relationship. However, in the statistical evaluations among the positive cases, the difference was found to be significant.ConclusionsThe study was conducted in Malatya Province, but patients from the neighboring provinces were also included in the evaluation during the study. Of all the positive cases, 5.6% were those from Malatya Province and its surrounding areas. Additionally, Cyclospora spp. were observed among the patients referring to the polyclinics with digestive system complaints in 8.1% of those from the Adiyaman province and in 6.9% of those from the Kahramanmaraş region. The incidence of Cyclospora cayetanensis may be higher in these regions if an epidemiological study is performed. Consequently, we suggest that Cyclospora spp. be investigated in digestive system disorders, especially in immunosuppressed patients.Keywords: Cyclospora, Digestive System, Epidemiology}
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BackgroundHelicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is one of the most common chronic bacterial infections world-wide and has several adverse consequences particularly on health of pediatric patients..ObjectivesThe current study addressed various clinical presentations associated with H. pylori infections among children of a rural community..Materials And MethodsIn this case-control study, the number of cases (H. pylori- positive) were 120 (52.5% boys and 47.5% girls) and the control group (H. pylori-negative) were 100 cases aged 7 - 12 years old (Mean 9.9 ± 3 years). H. pylori infection was defined by positive results for H. pylori stool antigen test and serum IgG or urea breath test. All pediatric participants were assessed for weight, height, sideropenic anemia and gastrointestinal symptoms..ResultsThe results showed that recurrent abdominal pain, recurrent vomiting and anorexia were 81 (67.5%), 24 (20%) and 15 (12.5%), respectively in H. pylori-infected patients, compared to 28 (28%), 8 (8%) and 4 (4%) in control group. Weight and height were 20.4 ± 1 kg and 128.1 ± 1 cm in case group compared to 25.6 ± 1.7 kg and 133.8 ± 2 cm in control group. Sideropenic anemia was 36.7% in patients compared to 15% in control..ConclusionsIn conclusion, the study findings revealed that pediatric H. pylori infection is associated with recurrent abdominal pain, anorexia and recurrent vomiting, also adversely affects the growth of children in various modalities; in particular weight, height and progressive incidence of sideropenic anemia..Keywords: Helicobacter Pylori, Pediatrics, Signs, Symptoms, Digestive System, Anemia, Iron, Deficiency}
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Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is among the most common diseases of gastrointestinal system and includes two chronic relapsing diseases: ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. These diseases are the result of dysregulated immune response to the gastrointestinal bacteria in people with genetic background (1). There are clinical and microscopic differences between ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease in terms of pattern of intestinal involvement and involvement of layers of bowel. Although these differences make the differentiation of the two mentioned diseases possible, there is also gray zone; meanwhile, indeterminate colitis (recently known as IBD of undetermined etiology, IBDU) includes 10-15% of the cases. Ulcerative colitis generally starts in the rectum and spreads continuously to the proximal areas. Inflammation is limited to mucosa and sub- mucosa and diffuse and uniform involvement of the affected area. The characteristic histological finding for this disease is defined as destruction and irregularity of colon crypts. Crohn's disease affects most of the gastrointestinal system from the mouth to the anus. The characteristic for this disease is the existence of skip areas and transmural involvement. Granuloma, fissure ulcer and several lymphoid follicles are evident in histology. There may be three factors leading to ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease: - Genetic background, - Immune response, that is not able to down- regulate
Keywords: Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Digestive System}
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