جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « History » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

As an important threat throughout history, poisonings have plagued mankind from ancient times to today. This review intended to answer the question that whether toxicology and intoxications have been addressed in the one of the oldest medical texts of traditional Persian medicine; Al-Tabari’s Paradise of Wisdom and whether there had been a specific approach to manage poisonings. Extensive research was conducted in Al-Tabari’s book Firdausu’l-Ḥikmat also known as Paradise of Wisdom using toxicology related keywords. Moreover, current literature was searched with relevant keywords using Web of Science, Science Direct, Embase, PubMed, Google Scholar, MagIran, IranMedex, and SID to adapt the data with modern toxicological knowledge. Our result revealed that Al-Tabari described the toxicity and pertinent treatments for Nerium oleander L, Papaver somniferum L, Aconitum ferox Wall, Euphorbia serrata, Anamirta paniculata, Semecarpus Anacardium, Brassica oleracea, Coriandrum sativum, Hyoscyamus albus, and Colchicum autumnale L. He indicated the toxicity of the winds that blowing from areas with toxic pollen and scent of plants. Also, he mentioned the toxicity of snakes, scorpions, spiders, bees, and rabid animals as well as the hazardous creatures including Mus musculus and Lytta vesicatoria along with some descriptions for related treatments. At the end, Al-Tabari reckoned the toxicology and treatments of some toxic minerals including mercury, iron, and lead. Conclusively, Al-Tabari contributed to toxicological sciences though dedicating a proportion of his book Paradise of Wisdom to the subject of toxicants and poisoning therapeutics. Further studies are recommenced to divulge toxicological science in historical sources including traditional medical works.

Since the Old Testament era, medicine has drawn scientists from around the world. Persian physicians have played an undeniable role in the advancement of medicine worldwide and their books have been taught as medical textbooks in the East and the West for years. In the Islamic Golden Age (9th to 12th century AD), Abu-Sahl al-Masihi (960-1010 AD), was one of the great Persian scholars contemporary to Avicenna and Al-Biruni. He wrote several valuable works on medicine, philosophy, mathematics, and astronomy in Arabic. The two books titled Al-Mia fil-Tibb (Book of the Hundred [on Medicine]) and Ezhar al-Hekmat Allah Ta’ala fi Khalgh al-Ensan (Manifestations of God’s Wisdom in the Creation of Mankind) also known as Tashrih Badan al-Ensan (Human Anatomy) are among his important works in medicine. Particularly, in Tashrih Badan al-Ensan, Abu-Sahl detailed the structure and function of each organ within the human body. On heart anatomy, he presented interesting, and even innovative views. Despite the significance of his views on medicine among physicians of the Islamic era, his works have failed to be translated into Latin or other languages for unknown reasons, leaving him veiled in academic spheres. This paper aims to describe Abu-Sahl al-Masihi's opinions on heart anatomy.

Veterinary toxicology is one of the subspecialties of veterinary medicine. On the other hand, traditional medical sources also contain veterinary knowledge, entailing human medical information. In this study, we aimed to extract and present relevant information on the part of the history of veterinary medicine, especially veterinary toxicology, through research on Al-Razi’s book Al-Hawi fi Al-Tib. We queried keywords of poison, poisoning, animal, and related terms in Al-Hawi fi Al-Tib. Also, we searched international and domestic databases, including Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, SID, and IranDoc, to obtain relevant data. Our results showed that Al-Razi directly mentioned the toxicity of ten toxic plants in the animals. It is suggested that Al-Razi has contributed to the knowledge of veterinary medicine and the subspecialty of veterinary toxicology in particular. Future studies recommended to vet other historical medical sources, including traditional medicine textbooks, to find relevant information about veterinary medicine and veterinary toxicology.

Kienbock disease (KD) was described by Robert Kienbock in 1910 as osteomalacia of the lunate. A century has passed since the first description of KD, and numerous theories, classifications, and treatments have been published for achieving the best outcomes for this disease, but the treatments remain controversial among surgeons. Various classifications have been proposed for KD based on radiography, MRI, arthroscopy, and morphology from 1947 to 2017. Recently, the pioneers of KD (Lichtman and Bain) proposed a new classification based on all the previous classification (radiographic, MRI, and Arthroscopy). This classification seems to be the best evaluation method and treatment for KD. We recommend using this new classification for assessment of Kienbock disease.

 The incidence of Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is increasing worldwide. The exact prevalence of GDM in Iran is unknown. This study aimed to identify the incidence of GDM and the risk factors based on a cohort study in Yazd.

 This is a prospective cohort study involving 3110 pregnant women attending prenatal clinics in Yazd, Iran between 2015 and 2020. GDM was diagnosed using an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) for each participant at 24-28 weeks of gestation. Demographic information was collected at enrollment and during pregnancy. The multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify risk factors for GDM.

 The overall incidence of GDM was 10.93% in this study. The incidence of GDM in the first, second and third trimesters were 5.65, 2.25 and 3.11%, respectively. The mean age of mothers was calculated to be 28.64 ± 5.53 years. By logistic regression, significant factors associated with GDM were age, Preeclampsia, Pregnancy High blood pressure, history of diabetes mellitus (DM) and obesity.

 In this population, the incidence of GDM was 10.93%, which was high. The significant risk factors for GDM were age, BMI, smoking, smoking exposure in the current pregnancy and history of GDM and DM. Also, GDM pregnancies have a higher risk of preeclampsia and gestational hypertension. Therefore, considering the high incidence of GDM in Yazd, general screening is highly recommended and more studies are needed in other parts of Yazd province.

Scientific publishing, with about 350-year historical background, has played a central role in advancing science by disseminating new findings, generalizing accepted theories, and sharing novel ideas. The number of scientific journals has exponentially grown from 10 at the end of the 17th century to 100,000 at the end of the 20th century. The publishing landscape has dramatically changed over time from printed journals to online publishing. Although scientific publishing was initially non-commercial, it has become a profitable industry with a significant global financial turnover, reaching $28 billion in annual revenue before the COVID-19 pandemic. However, scientific publishing has encountered several challenges and is suffering from unethical practices and some negative phenomena, like publish-or-perish, driven by the need to survive or get a promotion in academia. Developing a global landscape with collaborative non-commercial journals and platforms is a primary proposed model for the future of scientific publishing. Here, we provide a brief history of the foundation and development of scientific journals and their evolution over time. Furthermore, current challenges and future perspectives of scientific publishing are discussed.

Background :

The reconfiguration of specialist hospital services, with service provision concentrated in a reduced number of sites, is one example of major system change (MSC) for which there is evidence of improved patient outcomes. This paper explores the reconfiguration of specialist oesophago-gastric (OG) cancer surgery services in a large urban area of England (Greater Manchester, GM), with a focus on the role of history in this change process and how reconfiguration was achieved after previous failed attempts.

Methods :

This study draws on qualitative research from a mixed-methods evaluation of the reconfiguration of specialist cancer surgery services in GM. Forty-six interviews with relevant stakeholders were carried out, along with ~160 hours of observations at meetings and the acquisition of ~300 pertinent documents. Thematic analysis using deductive and inductive approaches was undertaken, guided by a framework of ‘simple rules’ for MSC.

Results :

Through an awareness of, and attention to, history, leaders developed a change process which took into account previous unsuccessful reconfiguration attempts, enabling them to reduce the impact of potentially challenging issues. Interviewees described attending to issues involving competition between provider sites, change leadership, engagement with stakeholders, and the need for a process of change resilient to challenge.

Conclusion :

Recognition of, and response to, history, using a range of perspectives, enabled this reconfiguration. Particularly important was the way in which history influenced and informed other aspects of the change process and the influence of stakeholder power. This study provides further learning about MSC and the need for a range of perspectives to enable understanding. It shows how learning from history can be used to enable successful change.

During the Qajar period in the 19th century, various epidemics including cholera infected most parts of the country every year. Cholera appeared as a contagious and non-indigenous disease that spread in different parts of Iran including Hamedan province during the Qajar period as the prerequisite unfavorable conditions existed. Hamedan is a province located in the western part of Iran, a mainly mountainous region that is one of the inland foothills of the Zagros Mountains located in the valleys and northern slopes of the Alvand Mountains. It has long been the most important communication route between western cities and central Iran. During the Qajar period, this province was sometimes affected by cholera which is a contagious disease due to the unfavorable political, social and cultural condition in this period and became widely inflicted. The purpose of this study is to analyze the background and factors leading to cholera outbreak in Hamedan since the Nasserite era to the end of the Qajar period (AD 1848-1925) by collecting information in a library and documentary method with a historical and descriptive approach along with the analysis of backgrounds of cholera outbreak in the timeframe (AD1848-1925) and seeks to answer the questions that what are the backgrounds and factors that led to the outbreak of cholera in Hamedan during the Qajar era to see which one had a greater role in the spread of this disease? Findings indicate that the inefficiency and a lack of sense of responsibility of the government of Hamedan due to authoritarianism and self-interest had played the major role in the spread of cholera epidemic in this region compared to other factors.

Bone grafting is a surgical procedure, dating back to the Neolithic era. This paper to review the history of bone grafting surgery. The search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Google scholar databases for any related article, as well as pearling of the references of these papers.

Dr. Charles A. Rockwood was born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA, on September 19, 1929. He was one of the American Orthopedic Association’s (AOA) most distinguished members . Dr. Charles A. Rockwood earned his medical degree from Oklahoma University in 1956. He completed his orthopedic residency in the orthopedic department of Oklahoma University and affiliated hospital in 1961. Finally, in 2016, he celebrated 50 years of service at the University of Texas as a professor and emeritus chairman of the department of orthopedics and director of the shoulder service (3). Sadly, he died on February 1, 2022, at 92, in San Antonio, following a 60-year career. We value his six decades of contributions to the advancement of orthopedic trauma.

A diagnosis is a transformative act that functions as an interface between illness and disease and takes place at a juncture between patient and doctor. The reason to focus on diagnosis, both as a category and a process, is to emphasize its defining and differentiating role in medicine. That is, diagnosis provides the framework within which medicine operates and exerts its role. The paper attempts to highlight the role of gaze and concepts in the larger frame of change concerning medicine through the construct of diagnosis. The purpose is to destabilize the interactive configuration of social, economic, political, and technological impulses that has been the dominant mode of theorizing various shifts in medicine. In accord with the concept of the paradigm shift that explicates fundamental change in practice and experience of sciences, the process of diagnosis offers the vantage point to understand changes in medicine. The argument is substantiated by providing a historical account of clinical medicine to trace changing notions of health, disease, and the body owing to changes in diagnosis and gaze in particular.

Euthanasia is the act or practice of painlessly putting to death persons suffering from incurable and distressing disease as an act of mercy. This act is illegal in many countries as it is against medical ethics. It has been legalised in few countries during the early 21st century.The objective of this article is to review the current status of euthanasia, the status of the act in the Netherlands and to compare the same with the laws in India. It is also aimed at giving an analytical review of the laws in the two countries during the period 2001 to 2020.Euthanasia in the Netherlands is regulated by the “Termination of Life on Request and Assisted Suicide (Review Procedures) Act”, 2002. The numbers of requests in the Netherlands for euthanasia have risen to more than double over the period of ten years and as seen the numbers of requests fulfilled have not followed the same trend over these years.In India, the act of euthanasia has been classified as unethical except in cases where the life support system is used only to continue the cardio-pulmonary actions of the body. In such cases, subject to the certification by the term of doctors, the life support system may be removed. Passive euthanasia is permissible under the supervision of law in exceptional circumstances. There are various arguments for euthanasia based on principles of autonomy whereas the central argument against legalizing euthanasia is society’s view of the sanctity of life.

Nuclear medicine history has its share of captivating personalities, controversial claims, and forgotten pioneers. Publications and documents that came out relatively recently, provide us with new perspectives on its history. Primary sourced material might contradict some of the long-held beliefs of the reader who only has a casual familiarity with the events, including basics such as who discovered radioactivity.Because of the nature of the specialty, the importance of the contributions of colleagues in related fields, like physics and chemistry, cannot be overstated. Many of the important discoveries were marked by serendipity, but the pioneers must be given credit for having the necessary insights to interpret the new phenomena correctly, sometimes turning perceived “failure” into novel scientific principles. In addition, most of our pioneers had to deal with inadequate facilities and funding, religious and racial discrimination, and even misogynism.The early history of nuclear medicine is presented in this article as a series of its most interesting anecdotes, from the early work on radioactivity, to the conception of the tracer principle, until the development of radioactive iodine therapy.

The studies conducted so far on the history of the clinical algorithm have not noticed to the works of Ahmad Al Hayati Ibn Muhammad al-Qurashi (917 AH- 1511 AD), who, to the best of our knowledge, was the first person who applied multiple branching algorithms (arborization) to medical books, and his book named Shajarat al-Tibb (lit. a tree of medicine) followed the dendritic method (multiple branching algorithms (arborization) in presenting medical information. The book includes brief, yet useful, information, coordinated in a wonderful arrangement of the medical science rules, such as naturals, manuals, symptoms, and treatment arts. Moreover, the book, written at the time of Sultan Beyazid II, was mentioned in the Index of Medical Manuscripts in Turkey.  It can be concluded that Ḥayati, Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad was the first medical professor to adopt the use of clinical algorithms. If the translation of his books was available, his research and expertise would be known to more researchers as well.