جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Protective factors » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »
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زمینه و اهداف
خدمت کردن در محیط نظامی پیامدهای روانشناختی و اجتماعی گسترده ای می تواند به همراه داشته باشد. در این راستا، پژوهش مروری حاضر با هدف بررسی عوامل خطر و محافظتی اختلال استرس پس از ضربه در بین جانبازان و سربازان نظامی انجام شد.
روش بررسیدر پژوهش حاضر با استفاده از جست وجوی کلید واژه های اختلال استرس پس از ضربه، سرباز، جانباز، شیوع، سلامت روانی، افسردگی، اضطراب، استرس، پریشانی روانشناختی، تروما، نظامی و جنگ در پایگاه های اطلاعاتی بین المللی و ملی و نیز بانک اطلاعات مقالات علوم پزشکی ایران مورد جستجو قرار گرفتند.
یافته هابررسی های صورت گرفته حاکی از شیوع 2 تا 57% اختلال استرس پس از ضربه در بین سربازان و جانبازان داشت. افسردگی، اضطراب، تروما، راهبردهای مقابله ای، شخصیت، استرس، مشکلات شناختی، عملکرد جنسی، دوسوگرایی عاطفی، سوء مصرف مواد و الکل و مشکلات زناشویی در بین سربازان و جانبازان دارای استرس پس از ضربه شایع بود. بر اساس بررسی های صورت گرفته برخورداری از خو ش بینی، عزت نفس، کیفیت زندگی مطلوب، تاب آوری، حمایت اجتماعی، سلامت معنوی و روانی به میزان قابل توجهی می تواند نشانه های اختلال استرس پس از ضربه را در سربازان و جانبازان کاهش دهد.
نتیجه گیرییافته های پژوهش های انجام شده حاکی از نقش ابعاد روانی، رفتاری، اجتماعی و هیجانی در ایجاد و تشدید اختلال استرس پس از ضربه در بین نظامیان دارد. با توجه به ماهیت شغلی سربازان و نیروهای نظامی لازم است اقداماتی در جهت غربالگری گروه های پر خطر صورت گیرد تا شاهد بروز اختلالات روانشناختی گسترده جلوگیری شود.
کلید واژگان: عوامل خطر, عوامل محافظتی, اختلال استرس پس از ضربه, سرباز, نظامی}EBNESINA, Volume:26 Issue: 1, 2024, PP 90 -101Background and aimsServing in the military environment can lead to profound psychological and social implications. This study aimed to explore the risk and protective factors influencing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in military veterans and soldiers.
MethodsThis research involved a systematic search across international and national databases, as well as the Iranian Medical Science Articles Database, using keywords such as post-traumatic stress disorder, soldier, veteran, prevalence, mental health, depression, anxiety, stress, psychological distress, trauma, military, and war.
ResultsThe studies review revealed a PTSD prevalence ranging from 2% to 57% among soldiers and veterans. Common issues among those affected included depression, anxiety, trauma, coping mechanisms, personality traits, stress, cognitive challenges, sexual dysfunction, emotional conflicts, substance abuse, and marital difficulties. Optimism, self-esteem, quality of life, resilience, social support, spirituality, and mental well-being were identified as factors significantly mitigating PTSD symptoms in soldiers and veterans.
ConclusionThe research findings underscore the critical role of psychological, behavioral, social, and emotional factors in the development and exacerbation of PTSD in military personnel. Given the occupational context of soldiers and military personnel, proactive measures are essential to identify high-risk groups and prevent widespread psychological disorders.
Keywords: Risk Factors, Protective Factors, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Soldier, Military} -
Background and Purpose
Sleep problems and aggression are common among healthcare workers due to shift work and constant interaction with patients and their relatives. The present study examined the associations between sleep problems, self-regulation, and interpersonal aggression among healthcare workers.
Materials and MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, 400 healthcare workers were selected from four state-run hospitals in Kermanshah City, Iran, using a multi-stage random sampling between March 2021 and March 2022. The sample size was selected using the N>50+8m standard formula. The participants completed several standard scales, including the Pittsburgh sleep quality index, the Berlin questionnaire, the insomnia severity index, the self-regulation questionnaire, and the Buss-Perry aggression questionnaire. The obtained data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation, hierarchical multiple regression techniques, and standardized z scores.
ResultsThe Mean±SD age of the participants was 32.5±8.8 years and 70% were female. All sleep problems, including poor sleep quality, sleep apnea, and insomnia severity, are significantly related to the total score of interpersonal aggression and all its subfactors (P<0.001). The results showed that adding self-regulation to sleep problems to predict aggression greatly reduces the effect of sleep problems, especially the insomnia severity (P<0.001).
ConclusionThe results showed that self-regulation is not only a protective factor for aggression but also indirectly protects against aggression by controlling the severity of insomnia. Because both sleep problems and self-dysregulation are modifiable risk factors for interpersonal aggression, psychological interventions can target these risk factors.
Keywords: Aggression, Insomnia, Protective factors, Self-regulation, Sleep apnea, Sleep quality} -
Objective
The prevalence and increase of suicidal ideation and attempts among young people and students have been one of the concerns of researchers and mental health care professionals. The present study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Persian version of Reasons for Living for Young Adults-II (RFL-YA-II) in a group of Iranian students.
MethodsThis study was conducted on a sample of 250 students of Kurdistan University, Iran in the academic year 2021-2022. The instruments used in this study were RFL-YA-II, suicide behaviors questionnaire-revised (SBQ-R), oxford happiness questionnaire-short form (OHQ-SF), beck hopelessness scale (BHS), and ryff scale of psychological wellbeing (RSPWB).
ResultsThe results of confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated a four-factor structure of the Persian version of RFL-YA-II, while the goodness of fit indices of the one-factor model were not satisfactory. The factor loads of items related to all four factors ranged from 0.41 to 0.91. The findings also provided evidence for the convergent (0.17 to 0.57) and discriminant (-0.20 to -0.56) validity, and Cronbach's alpha coefficients ranged from 0.86 to 0.91.
ConclusionThe Persian version of RFL-YA-II is a valid and reliable tool for assessing the reasons for living in Iranian university samples and it can be used in research and treatment settings.
Keywords: Reasons for Living, Suicide, Students, Protective Factors, Factor Analyses} -
BACKGROUND
Coronavirus pandemic puts healthcare workers (HCWs) at high risk and challenges the abilities of healthcare systems to respond to the crisis. This study aimed to assess the level of knowledge of HCWs and associated factors in West Guji zone public health facilities in southern Ethiopia.
MATERIALS AND METHODSA health facility‑based quantitative cross‑sectional study was undertaken from June 10 to July 10, 2020. Two hundred and eighty‑three HCWs were involved in the study using a systematic sampling method. The instrument was pretested on 5% of the sample in Yabello Hospital. Data were analyzed using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression.
RESULTSThe HCW who had good knowledge was 84.7%. HCWs who had degree holders, masters and above holders, work experience of 2–4 years, and >4 years of experiences, had training on Coronavirus, and medical diseases were significantly associated with good knowledge of Coronavirus.
CONCLUSIONSThis study indicated that HCWs’ knowledge about the Coronavirus was good. Improving the educational status of HCWs and giving updated training on the Coronavirus will improve HCW’s knowledge of the Coronavirus.
Keywords: COVID‑19, Ethiopia, health personnel, classification, knowledge, protective factors} -
Background and Objectives
Fall is one of the main reasons for serious injuries in workplaces. Protective measures are not frequently used by farmers and farm workers. In Iran, there are no adequate data in recognizing the various effective factors of falls from height in the agricultural sector. Thus, we used the PRECEDE model to recognize causes and factors which can affect the acceptance of the protective measures for the prevention of fall from the walnut tree.
Materials and MethodsFrom July until November 2018, a cross‑sectional research was conducted in Tuyserkan County in the west of Iran among 222 farm workers and farmers from 12 villages. A questionnaire was developed to measure demographic features, history of injuries, and constructs recommended in the PRECEDE model. Data were gathered by face‑to‑face interviews.
ResultsPredisposing factors (β =0.348, t = 5.116), enabling factors (β =0.131, t = 3.672), and reinforcing factors (β =0.164, t = 2.128) had a positive impact on protective measures, with an explained variance of 35.3%. In this study, the goodness‑of‑fit value was obtained as 0.455, indicating an excellent overall fit of the model to the data.
ConclusionsThe results of this research recognized the causes of protective measures among farmers and farm workers. Our findings suggest that the PRECEDE model could help as a guide for developing a more effective intervention for the prevention of fall from the walnut tree.
Keywords: Accidental falls, farmers, Iran, protective factors, trees} -
سابقه و هدف
ناامنی غذایی یک مشکل عمده سلامتی برای تمامی سنین، مخصوصا سالمندان کشورهای در حال توسعه محسوب می شود. هدف پژوهش حاضر، بررسی شیوع، عوامل خطر و محافظتی ناامنی غذایی شدید خانوار در بین سالمندان شهر تهران می باشد.
مواد و روش هادر این مطالعه مقطعی، 384 سالمند 60 سال و بالاتر از پنج پهنه اقتصادی- اجتماعی مختلف شهر تهران به روش نمونه گیری چند مرحله ای در سال 1398 انتخاب شدند. وضعیت امنیت غذایی با استفاده از پرسشنامه استاندارد ناامنی غذایی HFIAS بررسی شد. داده ها با استفاده ازتحلیل رگرسیون لاجستیک ساده و چندگانه در نرم افزار SPSS تحلیل شد.
یافته ها8/37 درصد از سالمندان دارای امنیت غذایی کامل، 1/24 درصد ناامنی غذایی خفیف، 7/22 درصد ناامنی غذایی متوسط و 2/15 درصد ناامنی غذایی شدید می باشند. فعالیت فیزیکی ناکافی (57/25- 96/2 95 درصد CI، 7/8= OR)، تحصیلات پایین (64/24- 54/1: 95 درصد CI، 15/6= OR)، درآمد ناکافی (67/11- 71/2: 95 درصد CI، 63/5= OR)، سرمایه اجتماعی پایین (03/9- 09/1: 95 درصد CI، 13/3= OR)، ابتلا به بیماری های دهان و دندان (17/6- 02/1: 95 درصد CI، 51/2= OR) و مرد بودن (11/4- 89/0: 95 درصد، 92/1= OR) از عوامل خطر و داشتن فرزندان بیش تر (36/1- 04/0: 95 درصد، 26/0= OR) عامل محافظتی ناامنی شدید غذایی در بین سالمندان بود. تعیین کننده های وارد شده به مدل مجموعا بین 2/44 درصد و 3/60 درصد از واریانس متغیر پیامد را توضیح می دهند.
استنتاجتنها یک سوم از سالمندان از امنیت غذایی کافی برخوردار بودند. یافته های این مطالعه در زمینه عوامل خطر و محافظتی ناامنی غذایی می تواند در طراحی و اجرای مداخلات زودهنگام تامین امنیت غذایی سالمندان موثر باشد.
کلید واژگان: غذا, سالمند, عوامل خطر, عوامل محافظتی}Background and purposeFood insecurity is a major public health problem, especially among older adults living in developing countries. The present study aimed at examining the prevalence, and risk and protective factors for severe food insecurity among elderly in Tehran, Iran.
Materials and methodsIn this cross-sectional study, 384 elderly people aged 60 years and older were selected from five different socioeconomic zones in Tehran, 2019, using multi-stage sampling. Food security status was assessed by the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS). Data were analyzed using simple and multiple logistic regression models in SPSS.
ResultsAmong the people investigated, 37.8% were completely food secure, 24.1% were found with mild food insecurity, 22.7% reported moderate food insecurity, and 15.2% were severely food insecure. Low levels of physical activity (OR=8.7, CI 95%: 2.96-25.57), low educational levels (OR=6.15, CI 95%: 1.54-24.64), low monthly income (OR=5.63, CI 95%: 2.71-11.67), low levels of social capital (OR=3.13, CI 95%: 1.09-9.03), having oral and dental diseases (OR=2.51, CI 95%: 1.02-6.17), and male gender (OR=1.92, CI 95%: 0.89-4.11) were the risk factors, while having more children (OR=0.26, CI 95%: 0.04-1.36) was the protective factor for severe food insecurity in elderly. The predictors entered into the model could explain between 44.2% and 60.3% of the variance of the outcome.
ConclusionOnly one-third of the elderly were adequately food secure. Current findings could be beneficial in designing and implementing early interventions to provide food security for the elderly.
Keywords: food, aged, risk factors, protective factors} -
Purpose
This study was conducted aiming at evaluating some risk factors in patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) in Djamaa (El Oued, Algeria) region.
Materials and MethodsOur study is based on 77 voluntary individuals divided into healthy man and women reserved as a control with average age of 46.61± 2.84 years old and CKD patients with average age of 46.03± 2.95 years old; their origin covers the whole Djamaa (El Oued, Algeria) region and they were selected from the dialysis service of SAAD DEHLEB hospital Djamaa (El Oued Algeria). Risk of certain socio-clinical factors has been estimated by the determination of the value of Odd Ratio (OR).
ResultsOur study reports show a strong association between clinical factors such as Diabetes, urinary problems and Arterial hyper pressure (OR= 5.135, 6.60 and 78.276; P ≤0.05) with chronic kidney disease, respectively, but in this study we show that the Renal herbal medicine and History of kidney disease are the most dangerous risk factors, (OR = 20.00, OR =25,45 ; p≤0.001), respectively, for spices and Amount of water (OR ranging from 0.232 to 0.352; P ≤0.032) are important protective factors against this disease.
ConclusionLifestyle is a contributing factor in CKD attainment in the region of Djamaa (El Oued, Algeria), which requires high sensitivity to modify these behaviors for limited progression of the disease in this region.
Keywords: Chronic Kidney Disease, Risk Factors, Protective Factors, Djamaa} -
Background
Fatal intimate partner violence occurs among adolescents, which is often when first exposure to intimate partner violence occurs in the United States. However, research mainly examines intimate partner violence-related fatalities between adult intimate partners. Such findings document that non-intimate partners, corollary victims, are at risk for violence during intimate partner violence incidents, as well. Research examining fatal intimate partner violence among adolescents is scant. This study informs public health of the extent and circumstances of fatal adolescent intimate partner violence by quantifying the burden across a five-year span; describing fatal victims by demographics and precipitating circumstances; and examining differences by victim type.
MethodsThis study used data from 17 states of the United States in the National Violent Death Reporting System to examine fatal intimate partner violence-related incidents involving at least one adolescent intimate partner (15-19 years of age) from 2011-2015. IPV-related death cases were guided by the intimate partner violence surveillance criteria prescribed by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Decedents were subdivided into intimate partner victims, perpetrator victims, and corollary victims. Victims were described by demographics, victim descriptors, and precipitating circumstances of death. Annual trends and descriptive statistics were calculated.
ResultsThere were 93 intimate partner violence-related fatal incidents among adolescents with 116 decedents. A firearm was the predominant weapon. Crises, arguments, jealousy, and physical fights were common precipitating circumstances. Corollary victims represented 18% of all victims, 65% were intimate partner victims, and 17% perpetrator victims. Corollary victims were primarily linked to the suspect by other intimate partners, and friends and acquaintances.
ConclusionsIntimate partner violence is a preventable public health problem. This study documents that intimate partner violence among adolescents can result in deaths of intimate partners and corollary victims. Effective prevention should begin in early adolescence and incorporate shared and protective risk factors to have the greatest impact on adolescent IPV.
Keywords: Adolescent, Intimate partner-violence, Public health, Protective factors, Homicide, United States} -
Background
Incidents of vector-borne disease have recently tripled in the United States. Chikungunya disease is a particularly common disease in the Caribbean, posing a threat to international tourists. However, the relationship between psychological variables derived from the protection motivation theory (PMT), and adoption of protective behaviors against the disease, is uncertain. This study sought to identify the psychological predictors of travelers’ protective health behaviors, specifically (1) appropriate clothing use, and (2) indoor spatial repellent use.
MethodsAn online, retrospective survey of U.S. international travelers to Caribbean destinations measured the five constructs of the PMT in the context of Chikungunya disease: Perceived severity, perceived vulnerability, perceived response efficacy, perceived self-efficacy, and knowledge. Hierarchical logistic regression analyzed whether these five theoretical constructs predicted the two protective behaviors in respondents who met study criteria (n = 184).
ResultsResults suggest that the interaction between chikungunya knowledge and perceived chikungunya severity predicts both appropriate clothing use (odds ratio [OR]: 1.95, CI: 1.18-3.25, P=0.010) and indoor spatial repellent use (OR: 1.55, CI: 1.05-2.29, P=0.029). In the cases of appropriate clothing use, the interaction between perceived chikungunya severity and perceived vulnerability was also a significant predictor (OR: 9.67, CI:1.23-75.80, P=0.031). Additionally, indoor spatial repellent use was also predicted by the interaction of chikungunya knowledge and perceived vulnerability (OR: 1.88, CI:1.18-3.02, P=0.009).
ConclusionTwo-pronged educational approaches may be most efficacious in increasing protective health behaviors. Such efforts could reduce incidents of chikungunya disease and other vectorborne diseases in travel destinations featuring high exposure risks.
Keywords: Caribbean region, Chikungunya virus, Health education, Protective factors, Travel-related illness*Corresponding Author:} -
Background
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have recently shown that Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) rs17465637 on chromosome 1p41 is associated with atherothrombotic Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). However, whether rs17465637 acts as a protective factor or a risk factor for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is not well understood in the general population.
ObjectivesIn this article, we aimed to determine whether this locus was related to susceptibility to AMI in a Chinese Han population.
MethodsA retrospective experimental study was performed in Guangxi province, People’s Republic of China, on January 1, 2012, to December 31, 2017. We recruited 688 patients who were matched for age, lifestyle, and socioeconomic status from the Chinese Han population and subdivided them into two groups of 344 AMI patients and 344 healthy controls. We used standardized questionnaires to collect information on demographics, socioeconomic status, and lifestyle factors. Genotypes of SNP rs17465637 were determined by the TaqMan assay. Diagnostic criteria and research protocols were based on the guidelines of the European Resuscitation Commission. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS version 22.0.
ResultsThe percentage of the AA genotype in the AMI group was 22.97%, which was greater than that of the control group (13.08%) (kappa = -0.082, P < 0.001). The AA genotype of SNP rs17465637 had significant differences between different infarct sites (kappa = -0.011, P < 0.05). There were interactions between the CC genotype and BMI ≥ 24 kg/m2 (OR = 4.060, 95% CI = 1.680 - 9.812, P = 0.002) and smoking ≥ 20 cigarettes/d (OR = 2.732, 95% CI = 1.495 - 4.991, P = 0.001).
ConclusionsThis study revealed that the AA genotype of SNP rs17465637 was positively correlated with the risk of AMI. Subjects with the AA genotype were positively correlated with extensive anterior of AMI. Also, interactions between the CC genotype of SNP rs17465637 and BMI or smoking seem to increase the risk of AMI.
Keywords: Chromosomes, Gene-Environment Interaction, Genome-Wide Association Study, Genotype, Myocardial Infarction, Protective Factors, Polymorphism, Risk Factors, Single Nucleotide, Susceptibility} -
مقدمه
جوانان به عنوان یکی از گروه های آسیب پذیر از نظر درگیری در روابط جنسی قبل از ازدواج در نظر گرفته می شوند. بر این اساس، پژوهش حاضر باهدف تبیین عوامل حفاظت کننده جوانان در درگیری در روابط جنسی قبل از ازدواج انجام شد.
روش
این مطالعه کیفی بر روی 30 نفر از جوانان و نیز 17 نفر مشارکت کننده دیگر)به غیر از جوانان(ساکن در شهر اصفهان در سال 1392 انجام شد. داده های پژوهش از طریق مصاحبه های نیمه ساختاریافته جمع آوری گردید و با رویکرد کیفی تحلیل محتوای قراردادی مورد تجزیه وتحلیل قرار گرفت.
یافته هااز تحلیل داده ها، دو درون مایه «برخورداری از شخصیت محکم و مطمین» و «پایبندی به اصول و اعتقادات مذهبی» استخراج شد.
نتیجه گیریبر اساس نتایج، برخورداری از شخصیت سالم و نیز پیروی از اعتقادات مذهبی باعث حفاظت جوانان در درگیری در روابط جنسی قبل از ازدواج می گردد. نتایج این مطالعه می تواند مقدمه ای برای حرکت به سوی مداخلاتی جهت نهادینه کردن ارزش های دینی و پرورش شخصیتی سالم در جوانان بوده و به ارتقای سلامت جنسی آنان کمک نماید.
کلید واژگان: عوامل حفاظت کننده, رفتار جنسی, جوانان, تحقیق کیفی, ایران}IntroductionYouths are considered as a susceptible group in terms of engagement in pre-marital sexual relationships. Therefore, this study was conducted to explain factors protecting youths in engagement in pre-marital sexual relationships.
MethodThis qualitative study was performed on 30 youths as well as 17 other participants (other than the youths) living in Isfahan in 2013. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. Data were analyzed using qualitative conventional content analysis.
ResultsAfter data analysis, two themes including "having a strong and secure personality" and "obeying the religious beliefs and principles" were obtained.
ConclusionAccording to the results, having a healthy personality and obeying religious beliefs play an outstanding role in protecting youths in engagement in pre-marital sexual relationships? The results of this study can pave the way toward interventions for internalizing religious values as well as developing healthy personality in youth, which help their sexual health promotion.
Keywords: Protective factors, Sexual behaviour, Youths, Qualitative study, Iran} -
Background
Alcohol use is one of the most complicated health problems. The understanding of risk and protective factors contributing to alcohol use could help deal with this problem more efficiently.
ObjectivesThe present study examined the risk and protective factors for alcohol use among homeless men living in Tehran, Iran.
MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted from September to November 2015. A total of 193 homeless men were recruited using convenience sampling from Khavaran Shelter, the largest shelter for homeless people, in the south of Tehran. Data were analyzed using a logistic regression model to examine if using alcohol is associated with potential risk and protective factors. Conducting logistic regression, adjusted odds ratio (aOR) point estimate and 95% confidence interval (CI 95%) as the effect measures were reported. All tests were run using SPSS version 21.
ResultsThe prevalence rates of recent (past 7 days) and past-year alcohol use were 14.5% (95% CI: 9.50, 19.50) and 43.52% (95% CI: 36.50, 50.50), respectively. Hosmer-Lemeshow test (χ 2 (4) = 10.37, P = 0.17) indicated the goodness of fit of the model to the data. The results of the fitted logistic regression model explained that social support (OR = 0.63, CI 95%: 0.36-1.08) and being a local resident (OR = 0.32, CI 95%: 0.17 - 0.61) were the protective factors while the level of relationship with peer network (OR = 2.08, CI 95%: 1.19 - 3.63) and having a history of arrest (OR = 3.16, CI 95%: 1.34 - 7.46) were risk factors of alcohol use among Iranian homeless men during the last year. The predictors entered into the regression model could explain between 13% and 17.5% of the variance of the outcome (alcohol use).
ConclusionsThis study contributes to the existing literature by examining risk and protective factors among a high-risk population. Our findings can be used in designing and implementing interventions that are more effective for the homeless group living in a non-Western context.
Keywords: Alcohol Use, Homeless Persons, Protective Factors, Risk Factors, Social Support} -
زمینه و هدفبرخی بسترهای نامطلوب اجتماعی و خانوادگی آسیب پذیری فرد را برای مصرف مواد افزایش داده و فرد را مستعد اعتیاد می کنند. هدف از مطالعه حاضر، تعیین عوامل خطر و محافظت کننده در استعداد اعتیاد نوجوانان دبیرستانی است. روش ومواداین مطالعه توصیفی همبستگی با مشارکت 367 نفر از دانش آموزان دوره دوم دبیرستان های ارومیه که بین 16 تا 20 سال سن داشتند، انجام شد. نمونه گیری به روش خوشه ایتصادفی برحسب ناحیه، جنسیت، رشته و سال تحصیلی صورت گرفت. داده ها با استفاده از پرسشنامه اطلاعات جمعیت شناختی و استعداد اعتیاد ویراست نوجوانان جمع آوری شد و با آزمون های آماری همبستگی پیرسون، t مستقل و رگرسیون چندگانه با استفاده از نرم افزار SPSS-22 تجزیه و تحلیل شدند.یافته هادر این مطالعه 178 (5/48%) نفر دختر و 189 (5/51%) نفر پسر در پایه های تحصیلی دوم، سوم و چهارم بودند و در رشته های انسانی، تجربی و ریاضی تحصیل می کردند. پسران با میانگین (انحراف معیار) (1/18) 4/83 استعداد اعتیاد بیشتری نسبت به دختران (3/16) 9/78 داشتند (02/0=P). وضعیت تحصیلی بد (001/0P<) و تعداد زیاد دوستان (001/0P<) عوامل خطر در افزایش استعداد اعتیاد بودند. پیشرفت تحصیلی (001/0P<) ، میزان وقتی که والدین در اختیار فرزندان قرار می دهند (05/0P<) و میزان وقتی که فرزندان با والدین (005/0P<) سپری می کنند، عوامل محافظت کننده از استعداد اعتیاد محسوب می شوند. سایر عوامل شامل مصرف سیگار، سن اولین مصرف سیگار، ورزش کردن، منطقه سکونت، اشتغال مادر، نوع مسکن، درآمد خانواده، تحصیلات پدر و مادر، در مستعد کردن دانش آموزان به اعتیاد نقشی ندارد.نتیجه گیریدانش آموزان پسر، دانش آموزانی که وضعیت تحصیلی بدی دارند و دانش آموزانی که با دوستان متعدد و زیادی معاشرت می کنند، در معرض خطر استعداد اعتیاد قرار دارند. در مقابل دانش آموزان دختر، دانش آموزانی که پیشرفت تحصیلی خوبی دارند، والدین آنان اوقات زیادی را برای بودن با آنان صرف می کنند و آنان نیز اوقات بیشتری را با خانواده سپری می کنند، از خطر استعداد اعتیاد به دورند.کلید واژگان: :استعداد اعتیاد, عوامل خطر, عوامل محافظت کننده, نوجوانان}Background and ObjectiveSome unfavorable social and family settings increase the person's vulnerability to substance abuse and predispose a person to addiction. This study aims to investigate the risk and protective factors of addiction proneness among high school adolescents.Materials and MethodsThis descriptive correlational study was conducted with the participation of 367 students of secondary high schools in Urmia aged 16 to 20 years old. Sampling was done by cluster random sampling based on area, gender, field, and academic year. Data were collected using demographic information questionnaire and the Addiction Susceptibility Questionnaire-adolescents Version (ASQ-AV). Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation, independent t-test, and multiple regression with SPSS-22 software.ResultsIn this study, 178 (48.5%) girls and 189 (51.5%) boys were in the second, third and fourth grades, and studied in humanitarian, natural, and mathematical sciences. Boys were more prone to addiction: mean (SD) score=83.4(18.1), P=0.02. Poor education status (P<0.001), larger number of friends (P<0.001) were risk factors of addiction proneness. Higher academic achievement (P<0.001), the amount of time parents spend with their children (P<0.05), and the amount of time children spend with their parents (P<0.005) were protective factors of addiction proneness. Other factors including smoking, age at onset of smoking initiation, exercising, place of residence, mother’s employment, type of housing, family income, and parental education played no significant role in addiction proneness among students.ConclusionBeing a male student, having poor education status, and socializing with many friends are predispose students to addiction. In contrast, being a female student, having good academic achievements, spending a lot of time both on the parental side and from the students’ side put students at lower risk for addiction pronenessKeywords: Addiction Proneness, Risk Factors, Protective Factors, Adolescents}
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مقدمه و اهدافسال های اول زندگی از اهمیت ویژه ای برخوردار است، زیرا آنچه در دوران کودکی اتفاق می افتد در طول زندگی تاثیرات عمده ای بر سلامت فیزیکی و روانی خواهد داشت، بنابراین هدف پژوهش حاضر، ارائه خلاصه ای از عوامل خطرساز و محافظ متداولی است که رشد کودکان را تحت تاثیر قرار می دهد.مواد و روش هادر پژوهش مروری حاضر، برخی مباحث مطرح شده مرتبط با عوامل خطرساز و محافظ رشد کودک، با استفاده از منایع اطلاعاتی Scopus، Springer، ScienceDirect و جستجوگر Google از سال های 1980 تا 2016 و با به کارگیری کلمات کلیدی عوامل خطرساز، عوامل محافظ، رشد بهنجار، کودک، آسیب شناسی روانی، مشکلات رفتاری و مشکلات هیجانی جستجو و مورد بررسی قرار گرفت.نتیجه گیریاز بارداری تا دوران کودکیکیفیت روابط کودکان با بزرگسال ها و مراقبانشان و تمام محیط هایی که کودکان در آن زندگی می کنند و یاد می گیرند، تاثیر قابل توجهی بر رشد شناختی، هیجانی و اجتماعی آنها خواهد داشت، بنابراین لازم است تا دولت ها، سازمان های بهداشتی و خانواده ها محیط های امن، حمایتگر و روابط باثباتی که کودکان به آنها احتباج دارند را فراهم آورند.کلید واژگان: عوامل خطرساز, عوامل محافظ, کودک, رشد}Background And AimsEarly years of life are of great importance, because what happens during childhood affects mental and physical health during life. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to briefly present protective and risk factors affecting childrens growth.Materials And MethodsIn the present review study, some mentioned issues related to child protective and risk factors were searched and explored in Scopus, Springer, ScienceDirect databases as well as Google search engine for publications between 1980-2016 using risk factors, protective factors, normal growth, child, mental pathology, behavioral issues, and emotional issues keywords.ConclusionIn the period between infancy and childhood, the quality of children's relation with their parents and caretakers, and all the environments in which they live and learn, has significant effects on their cognitive, emotional, and social growth. Therefore, it is essential that governments, health organizations, and families provide a secure supportive environment and also stable relationships that children need.Keywords: Risk factors, Protective Factors, Development}
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Context: Depression is a major health problem in geriatric population and has many adverse consequences. The aim of this study was to review the existing literature on psychosocial factors that protect against depression in later life.
Evidence Acquisition: A MEDLINE systematic search was done via Pubmed and Sciencedirect web pages to gather the published articles on psychosocial factors of late life depression First, the titles and abstracts reviewed and relevant articles were selected according to the inclusion criteria. Then full texts of the selected articles obtained, read, and data were extracted and categorized.ResultsThere were 204 articles on psychosocial factors of late life depression in community dwelling older adults and among them 29 articles included protective factors. Reading them carefully, protective factors were extracted and organized into 5 main categories: Demographic factors, psychological factors, social factors, health related factors and also spiritual factors.ConclusionPsychosocial factors protecting older adults against depression are diverse. Identification of the modifiable ones and provision of appropriate interventions to enhance them, can be helpful in preventing geriatric depression.Keywords: Aged, Depression, Protective Factors} -
پیش زمینه و هدفنوجوانی دوره اوج خطر برای شروع مشکلات دارویی و خطر انتقال از مصرف به سوءمصرف مواد است. هدف از مطالعه حاضر، بررسی عوامل خطر و محافظت کننده سوءمصرف الکل و مواد در نوجوانان دبیرستانی است تا از طریق شناسایی این عوامل سهمی در هدایت برنامه های کاهش تقاضای مصرف مواد داشته باشد.مواد و روش کاراین مطالعه توصیفی – تحلیلی از نوع همبستگی بود. جامعه آماری همه دانش آموزان دوره دوم دبیرستان های ارومیه بودند. شرکت کنندگان در پژوهش 367 نفر بودند که به روش نمونه گیری تصادفی خوشه ایبرحسب ناحیه، جنسیت، رشته و سال تحصیلی انتخاب شدند. ابزار گردآوری داده ها پرسشنامه اطلاعات جمعیت شناختی و پرسشنامه غربالگری غیر مستقیم سوءمصرف مواد- نسخه دوم نوجوانان بود.یافته هانتایج نشان داد پسر بودن، وضعیت تحصیلی بد و تعداد زیاد دوستان و مصرف سیگار عوامل خطر، دختر بودن، پیشرفت تحصیلی، مدت زمان اوقاتی را که والدین در اختیار فرزندان قرار می دهند و مدت زمان اوقاتی را که فرزندان با والدین سپری می کنند، عوامل محافظت کننده از سوءمصرف الکل و مواد محسوب می شوند سایر عوامل، ورزش کردن، منطقه سکونت، اشتغال مادر، نوع مسکن، درآمد خانواده، تحصیلات پدر و مادر، در سوءمصرف الکل و مواد دانش آموزان نقشی نداشتند.بحث و نتیجه گیریاین یافته ها اطلاعات باارزشی را در رابطه با گروه های پرخطر در اختیار متصدیان برنامه های کاهش تقاضای مصرف مواد قرار می دهد که می توانند در برنامه های پیشگیری از اعتیاد از آن سود جویند.کلید واژگان: سومصرف الکل و مواد, عوامل خطر, عوامل محافظت کننده, نوجوانان}Background and AimsAdolescence is a period associated with the highest risk for developing drug problems and the risk of transmission from substance use to abuse. This study aimed to investigate the risk and protective factors of alcohol and substance abuse among high school adolescents.Materials and MethodsThis research was a descriptive analytical study of correlation type. The study population were second grade high school students in Urmia. The study included 367 students who were selected using cluster random sampling in terms of region, gender, major, and academic year. Data were collected using demographic information questionnaire and Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory-Adolescent Version-2.ResultsThe results showed that masculinity, poor education, large number of friends and smoking are among risk factors, and femininity, academic achievement, the amount of time parents spend with their children, and the amount of time children spend with their parents are among the protective factors against alcohol and substance abuse. Other factors such as exercise, region of residence, mothers employment, type of housing, family income, and parental education play no role in alcohol and substance abuse among students.ConclusionThese findings provide valuable information about high-risk groups and those who plan to offer drug-reduction programs and drug addiction prevention programs.Keywords: alcohol, substance abuse, risk factors, protective factors, adolescents}
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ObjectivesThe purpose of the study was to investigate the prevalence and associated factors of being in a physical fight in association of Southeast Asian nations (ASEAN) member states.MethodsThe total sample consisted of 30284 adolescents aged 13 - 15 years from seven ASEAN countries that were included in the cross-sectional global school-based student health survey (GSHS) between 2007 and 2013.ResultsThe prevalence of being in a physical fight in the past 12 months across seven ASEAN countries (excluding Brunei) was 30.1%, ranging from below 15% in Cambodia and Myanmar to more than 30% in Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, sociodemographic factors (younger age, being male, the experience of hunger) and risk behavior (sedentary behavior, ever had sex, tobacco use, alcohol use, truancy, being bullied, and having sustained an injury) were found to be associated with having been in a physical fight in the past year. Lack of protective social-familial factors (low peer support and low parental or guardian support) were only associated with physical fighting in bivariate analyses.ConclusionsA significant proportion of physical fighting was found in ASEAN calling for interventions aimed to prevent physical fighting considering identified associated factors.Keywords: Physical Substance Substance Use, Violence, Injury, Psychological Distress, Protective Factors, School Adolescents, ASEAN}
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BackgroundSuicidal attempts are common among adolescents around the world. Many countries have taken measures to reduce the high incidence of suicidal attempts and prevent people from killing themselves. They also provide care to accelerate the process of recovery among those who have attempted suicide.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to qualitatively evaluate the protective factors against suicidal attempts among adolescents who recently did so.MethodsIn this qualitative study, 18 single adolescents, with a mean age of 17.44 ± 1.15, who were referred to 2 hospitals in Shiraz (southern Iran), were selected via convenient sampling procedure. Data were collected via semi-structured in-depth interviews and analyzed using conventional approaches to qualitative content analysis.ResultsThree main categories and 10 sub-categories were extracted from the data. The main categories included: (a) individual factors (lack of mental conflict, religious beliefs, fear of death, thinking about family, hope for the future, spiritual counseling), (b) social factors (interaction with friends, social stigma of suicidal attempt, sense of family cohesion), and (c) professional advice and support (psychological counseling).ConclusionsThe findings of this study can guide health professionals to take measures to prevent suicidal attempts, communicate with people who are at risk of attempted suicide, and prevent relapse of those who are in recovery period after an attempted suicide.Keywords: Adolescent, Content Analysis, Protective Factors, Qualitative Research, Suicide Attempt}
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ObjectivesThis study aimed at evaluating the prevalence of the Alzheimer disease, and its risk and protective factors in the elderly people referred to health centers in Shiraz, Iran.MethodsThe current descriptive, analytical study was conducted on 2000 elderly by the randomly selection method. Mini-mental state exam (MMSE) and geriatric depression scales (GDS) were applied to gather the data. Afterwards, the cases with cognitive deficit went through the psychological and neurological examinations. All statistical computations were conducted by SPSS software, version 22.ResultsOf the total number of studied people, 7.85% were identified with cognitive impairment. However, the prevalence of Alzheimer disease was 2.3%. The results indicated that listening to music daily, weekly visits by friends, and the daily consumption of vitamin E were the protective factors, while depression was one of the risk factors in developing the Alzheimer disease.ConclusionsThe findings suggested a unique opportunity for early diagnosis and preventive interventions.Keywords: Alzheimer Disease, Cognitive Deficit, Aging, Risk Factors, Protective Factors}
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BackgroundChild labor is one of the challenges among most big cities in the world. In recent years, substance abuse among working, and street children has become a common phenomenon. Thus, in the present study, the protective factors affecting the prevention of substance abuse among Iranian working children were identified by using the social-ecological approach.
Materials and MethodsThe participants included Seventeen 8-15-year-old children who were the members of Imam Ali and Ilia non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Semi-structured in-depth interview interviews were used for data collection. Purposive sampling began in December 2015 and continued till data saturation in June 2016. Data were analyzed based on qualitative content-oriented analysis.
ResultsDifferent protective factors were identified and classified at five levels of the social-ecological model. Four classes (belief, knowledge, attitude, skill) at the personal level, two classes (family and relatives) at the interpersonal level, two classes (governmental organizations and non-governmental organizations) at the organizational level, the class of living environment at the community level , and two classes (supportive policies and restrictive policies) at the public policies level were considered.
ConclusionThe protective factors affecting the prevention of substance abuse are related to personal, household, social, organizational, and public policy factors. Thus, personal and social empowerment, social participation and capacity building seem necessary to strengthen the protective factors which play a significant role in the prevention of substance abuse among Iranian working children.Keywords: Protective factors, Substance abuse, working children, the social-ecological approach}
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