جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Second » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Changes in maternal hemoglobin during pregnancy affect the incidence rate of preeclampsia and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The present study aimed to investigate the relation between the second and third trimester hemoglobin and the incidence of preeclampsia and gestational diabetes. A total of 600 patients who referred to Milad hospital in 2011 participated in this study. Second and third trimester hemoglobin levels were measured. The association between the level of maternal hemoglobin and the incidence rate of preeclampsia and gestational diabetes was evaluated. In addition, the association between the second and third trimester hemoglobin level and education, job, history of abortion, as well as the use of calcium, folic acid, iron, and multivitamin pills was evaluated. The results indicated that the second and third trimester maternal hemoglobin levels were high in patients with gestational diabetes and preeclampsia. Further, the relative risk of GDM was 2.12 times higher in the high hemoglobin group during the second trimester of pregnancy compared to the normal hemoglobin group (CI = 1.14-3.94) and it was 1.47 times higher in the third trimester (CI = 0.78-2.7). Furthermore, the relative risk for preeclampsia in the high hemoglobin group was 2.33 times more than normal one (CI = 1.16-4.66) and in the third trimester, it was 1.33 higher (CI = 0.66-2.66). The high hemoglobin, especially in the second trimester is associated with a higher risk of subsequent preeclampsia and GDM. Hence, women with high hemoglobin in their second trimester are at greater risk of developing GDM and preeclampsia. Therefore, early detection and prevention reduce undesirable effects.

Root morphology is of utmost importance to endodontic sciences. Since there are a few studies on the morphology of mandibular second molars’ roots, and some anatomical variables are not evaluated before, the aim of this study was to investigate thoroughly radicular anatomy of this tooth.
This ex vivo study was performed on 150 intact mandibular second molars. After access cavity preparation and ensuring canal patency, Indian ink was injected into root canals from the orifices. The teeth became transparent using methyl salicylate storage. Then, they were inspected by an endodontist under a ×10 stereomicroscope regarding numerous root morphological variables. Data were analyzed using chi‑square test and analysis of variance (α= 0.05).
About 86.7% of teeth had two roots and 13.3% were single‑rooted (P = 0.0001), of which, 50% were C‑shaped (6.7% of all teeth, P = 0.0001). 86.7% of mesial roots were double canalled, whereas 75.3% of distal roots were single canalled (P = 0.0001). 71.45% and 95.3% of the mesial and distal roots had one apical foramen, respectively (P = 0.0001). Apical foramens were mostly central followed by lingual in most cases. Distances between apical foramen and apical constriction ranged between 0.27 and 0.40 mm (P = 0.0545). Distances between apical foramen and root apices ranged between 0.30 and 0.47 mm (P = 0.0001). Vertucci classifications of mesial canals were Type II in 62.6% and Type IV in 37.4%. 86.2% of single‑canal distal roots were Type I. 66.7% of double‑canal distal roots were Type II and 33.3% were Type IV (P = 0.0001). The mean root lengths from cervical to apex of mesial, distal, and single roots were 14.02 ± 0.85 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 13.87–14.17), 13.35 ± 0.91 (95% CI = 13.19–13.50), and 14.25 ± 0.72 mm (95% CI = 13.91–14.58), respectively. The extents of canal curvatures varied between 20° and 31° buccolingually (P = 0.0000), and between 19° and 27° mesiodistally (P = 0.0000).
There was a considerable rate of eccentric apical foramen in mandibular second molars.

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of the second- and third generation oral contraceptives on women’s reproductive sexual function. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted on 82 married women of reproductive age in Tehran. Samples were randomized into the groups receiving second- and third-generation oral contraceptive pills. Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) tool was used before the intervention and 2 and 4 months after the intervention. Data analysis was carried out using analysis of variance (ANOVA) within repeated measures and P < 0.05 were considered signifi cant. There was a statistically signifi cant difference in the positive and negative moods between the experimental and control groups before the intervention in the second and fourth months. The second-generation pills caused a decrease in sexual function in the second month and an increase in sexual function in the fourth month, but the third-generation pills led to an increase in sexual function in the second and fourth months. The increase in sexual function that resulted from using the third-generation pills was signifi cantly higher than that resulted on using the second-generation pills. According to the results of this study, sexual functioning decreased in the second month of using the second-generation pills and sexual performance was signifi cantly more on using the third-generation pills compared to second-generation pills. The most common type of oral contraceptive used in Iran is the second-generation oral contraceptive LD™ (low-dose estrogen), which is freely distributed in health centers. Therefore, it is necessary for women who wish to use these contraceptive methods to be educated and consulted before they start using them. The third-generation contraceptive pills can be recommended to women who wish to use oral contraceptives.

Minoxidil has been reported to inhibit in vitro fibroblast proliferation and lysyl hydroxylase activity, a key enzyme in collagen biosynthesis. These in-vitro effects proposed minoxidil to be a potential antifibrotic agent. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of minoxidil gel on wound healing procedure in a second-degree burn model in rats. Wistar rats were anesthetized and a second-degree burn was induced on the back of Wistar rats using a heated 2 cm diameter metal plate. Experimental groups received 2% or 5% topical minoxidil gel, dexpanthenol or sliver sulfadiazine. Histological parameters including collagen content, angiogenesis, number of preserved follicles and necrosis along with tensile strength of burn wound area were assessed on days 3, 7, 14 and 21 post-injury. Microscopic evaluation of specimens collected from sample animals were consistent and showed a second-degree burn. Main histological findings regarding minoxidil topical usage showed that collagen content and tensile strength of burned area did not differ between groups. However, minoxidil increased the number and diameter of blood vessels significantly compared with other groups. Although minoxidil improved the process of wound-healing, our results did not support the proposed idea of its usage as an antifibrotic agent. However, to reject its possible effects as an antifibrotic agent, more objective animal models should be developed and studied.

Previous literature has implicated that there might be an individual susceptibility difference in terms of race/ethnicity and gender in response to second hand smoke (SHS) exposure. This study was done to examine the effect of SHS exposure on lung function in non-smoking Korean women. This cross-sectional study was conducted using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) from 2008-2011. A total of 2,513 female participants, age 40 yr and older, with no respiratory symptoms or prior lung diseases, were included in this study. Participants’ smoking status was examined using both self-reported history and measurement of urinary cotinine level. Lung function was assessed using spirometry data, including FVC and FEV1. T-test and Chi-square tests were performed to compare diverse variables between groups. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) adjusted for age, height, alcohol consumption, and level of exercise was used to see any statistical differences in lung function parameters between non-SHS exposed and SHS-exposed groups. Among 2,513 non-smoking females, 767 (30.5%) were SHS-exposed. The urinary cotinine levels clearly distinguished SHS exposure, and the mean urinary cotinine levels were 7.1±0.4 and 11±0.7 in non-SHS exposed group vs. SHS-exposed group, respectively (P < 0.001). Urinary cotinine levels were correlated with duration of SHS exposure. However, both groups had normal lung function and there was no significant difference between the two groups in lung function. Urinary cotinine is a valuable marker of SHS exposure. Korean women may have higher tolerance for SHS exposure-induced lung function decline.

Since abdominal pregnancies are mostly complicated, they are usually managed by laparotomy, but laparoscopy is an alternative method which some surgeons perform instead of laparotomy; especially in advanced pregnancy.. We reported a 31 year old woman with last menstrual period of 18 weeks who had supra pubic pain and vaginal bleeding. After sonographic evaluations, abdominal pregnancy was diagnosed and the patient underwent laparoscopic surgery for termination of pregnancy. One year after this successful operation, the patient experienced a normal intrauterine pregnancy.. Laparoscopy is a successful alternative method of surdery for abdominal pregnancies which can be done by experienced surgeons especially at gestational age of 18 weeks..

Since abdominal pregnancies are mostly complicated, they are usually managed by laparotomy, but laparoscopy is an alternative method which some surgeons perform instead of laparotomy; especially in advanced pregnancy.. We reported a 31 year old woman with last menstrual period of 18 weeks who had supra pubic pain and vaginal bleeding. After sonographic evaluations, abdominal pregnancy was diagnosed and the patient underwent laparoscopic surgery for termination of pregnancy. One year after this successful operation, the patient experienced a normal intrauterine pregnancy.. Laparoscopy is a successful alternative method of surdery for abdominal pregnancies which can be done by experienced surgeons especially at gestational age of 18 weeks..

The activity and toxicity of etoposide in women with recurrent ovarian cancer was evaluated in a case series of women with recurrent ovarian cancer who had measurable disease, All patients had plior platinum-based chemotherapy and developed progressive disease, Etoposide was given as 50mg/day for 21 days every 4 weeks until progression of disease or prohibitive toxicity, Between December 1999 and January 2004,32 patients were enrolled in this study. 30 patients received a total of 133 cycles of etoposide. Median age was 49 years (range, 19 to 75). The median number of etoposide cycles was 4 (range, 1 to 12). There were 5 partial responses (16.6%). The mean response duration was 4.8 months (range, 3.5 to 6). median progression-free interval CPFI) was 7 months (range, 3 to 13), and median survival time was 12.5 months (range. 1.3 to 36). The major toxicity was leukopenia. One patient required red blood cell transfusions, and the main non-hematologic toxicity was nausea and vomiting. There were no treatment-related mortalities. Although etoposide appears to exhibit modest activity in recurrent ovarian cancer after platinum-based therapy, response and survival durations are short.