Shame

People with depressive symptoms are one of the groups at risk of suicide, and suicidal thoughts are an important predictive factor for committing suicide and completing it. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the structural relationships of insecure attachment and feeling of shame with suicidal thoughts of people with depressive symptoms, considering the mediating role of emotional dysregulation.

The present research was correlation based on structural equations. The statistical population of the research included all the people with depression symptoms who referred to the clinics in Tehran city in 2023, of which 180 people were selected as available. And they responded to the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Beck Suicidal Ideation Scale, adult attachment inventory, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale and Shame Questionnaire. For data analysis, Pearson correlation, structural equation modeling and SPSS-26 and AMOS-24 software were used.

The results showed that the direct impact of emotional dysregulation (T=14.30, β=0.74) was significant on suicidal thoughts. The direct impact of insecure attachment (T=3.88, β=0.49) and shame (T=10.48, β=0.33) on emotional dysregulation was significant. Also, the indirect effect of insecure attachment on suicidal thoughts through the mediating role of emotional dysregulation is significant (P < 0.05, β = 0.43) and the indirect effect of shame on suicidal thoughts through the mediating role of emotional dysregulation is significant (P <0.05, β=0.57). The results also showed that the research variables explained a total of 55% of the variance of suicidal thoughts.

Based on the findings of the research, it can be concluded that a better clinical understanding of emotion regulation in the pathology of suicidal thoughts is a key element in the evaluation and clinical work with people with depressive symptoms. Therefore, based on a coherent understanding of the emotional characteristics of depressed people, emotion regulation models can provide a promising potential for the accuracy of psychological diagnosis, prevention and therapeutic effectiveness in this field.

Social anxiety disorder is a highly complex, chronic, disabling, and costly anxiety disorder that requires effective treatment with empirical support. Emotion-focused therapy (EFT) shows great promise in effective treatment of social anxiety disorder. It is particularly suitable for the treatment of social anxiety disorder since pervasive emotional avoidance, difficulties with emotional differentiation, and high levels of self-criticism, which are central psychopathological processes in social anxiety disorder, are also primary therapeutic targets in EFT. Therefore, the present study aimed to review the new developments of emotion-oriented treatment for social anxiety disorder. In this systematic review study, a query was conducted on international and domestic databases from 2010 to 2024. To search, a combination of "emotion-oriented therapy and social anxiety disorder," "emotion management and social anxiety disorder," "emotion regulation and social anxiety disorder," and "excitement and social anxiety" in both Farsi and English languages in Magiran, SID, IranDoc, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Springer, and PubMed databases were used. The search yielded 131 articles, of which 23 papers were included in the study according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The findings were analyzed in three areas: " emotion-focused therapy perspective on the etiology of social anxiety disorder," "change process in emotion-focused therapy for social anxiety and its relationship," and "effectiveness of emotion-focused therapy for social anxiety." As evidenced by the obtained results, EFT leads to corrective emotional experiences in social situations so that when people face social situations in which there is a possibility of being judged, they will not have unpleasant emotional experiences as before. Accordingly, they will have less negative thoughts and obtain more positive results from that event after facing a particular event.

Patients experience cognitive, emotional, psychological, and physiological disruptions as well as body shame as a result of the emergence of physiological disorders such as cancer and the treatment process. Accordingly, the present study aimed to identify a structural model of body shame based on mindfulness, with the mediating role of self-compassion in people with cancer.

The applied research was conducted based on correlation through structural equation modeling. The statistical population included individuals with cancer disease who were referred to Bandar Abbas Medical Centers in 2022. In this research, 200 patients with cancer were selected using the available sampling method. The research instruments were the Body Shame Questionnaire (Duarte et al, 2015), the Mindfulness Skills Questionnaire (Baer, Smith, Allen, 2004), and the Self-Compassion Questionnaire (Neff, 2003). SPSS software and Amos software were used to analyze the data using structural equation modeling.

The results showed that mindfulness had a significant direct effect on self-compassion and body shame of people with cancer, accounting for 21.3% and 25.3% of the variance of these variables, respectively. Besides, self-compassion had a significant direct effect on the body shame of people with cancer, which also accounted for 22.1% of the variance of this variable. Self-compassion had a significant mediating role in the relationship between mindfulness and body shame (P<0.05).

Considering the significant mediating role of self-compassion, the occurrence of body shame in people with cancer could be reduced by implementing effective interventions, such as self-compassion training. Since self-compassion could act as a buffer against the effects of negative events. Individuals with self-compassion accepted negative life events more easily, and their self-evaluations and reactions were more accurate and based on their performance.

Abortion is one of the most important jurisprudential-medical and legal issues, which receives great attention due to the inherent dignity of human beings. Therefore, Islamic jurisprudence, considering the right to life and the inherent dignity of human beings, comprehensively and completely deals with all aspects of abortion, and the only place where abortion is allowed is the conflict between the life of the mother and the life of the fetus, and this is before fetus ensoulment, and it is not permissible to perform abortion after ensoulment. However, considering that the mother is not the only participant in the birth and care of the child, and it is a mutual responsibility that the parents must undertake as a couple, a question is thus raised: Does father's hardship and shame justify abortion?

To find the answer to the above question, we decided to explain and analyze the viewpoints of jurists and their evidence using the descriptive-analytical method and the collection of documentary-written materials, through the collection of opinions and the comparison of their viewpoints in library references and applications.

The findings of the research show that the father's hardship and shame does not grant permission for abortion; rather, there must be something more important than the life of the fetus for abortion to be permitted.

By analyzing the views of the jurists, it was found that the father's hardship and shame cannot be a valid reason for granting permission for abortion. For this reason, the point of view of the jurists who consider the hardship and shame of the father as a reason for the permissibility of abortion, can be analyzed and criticized.

The prevalence of paranoid ideation in the general population raises questions about the factors that contribute to severe or clinical paranoia. The present study aims to investigate the mediating role of shame and self-criticism in the relationship between early life experiences and paranoid ideation in Iranian college students.

This is a correlational study using structural equation modeling (SEM). Participants were 272 students of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences in Ahvaz, Iran, who were selected by a convenience sampling method. They completed the Early Life Experiences Scale, Green et al.’s Paranoid Thoughts Scale-8 item, the External and Internal Shame Scale, and the Forms of Self-Criticizing/Attacking & Self-Reassuring Scale-Short-Form. To analyze the data, the Pearson correlation test and SEM were performed in SPSS software, version 24 and LISERL software, version 8.80. The Bootstrap test was used to assess the indirect effects.

Paranoid ideation had a positive and significant relationship with shame (r=0.56, P=0.01), self-criticism (r=0.31, P=0.01), and early life experiences (r=0.51, P=0.01). The indirect relationship between early life experiences and paranoid ideation was also significant through shame, with a standard path coefficient of 0.25 (P<0.05). However, indirect relationship between early life experiences and paranoid ideation through self-criticism was not significant (P>0.05).

Shame and self-criticism can mediate the relationship between early life experiences and paranoid ideation in Iranian college students. Therefore, the variables of shame and self-criticism should be considered in developing therapeutic interventions for people with paranoid thoughts.

The care of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) pose a significant challenge for parents, especially mothers as their primary caregivers. Mothers of ASD children often feel shame and low psychological distress. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of group compassion-focused therapy on shame and distress tolerance of mothers of children with ASD. 

This is a quasi-experimental study with pre-test/post-test/follow-up design. The study population of consists of all mothers of children with ASD in Tehran, Iran, covered by the Iran Autism Association. The samples were selected using convenience and snowball sampling methods. Thirty mothers were randomly assigned to two groups of 15, including intervention and control. The internalized shame scale by Cook (1993), the Others as Shamer Scale by Goss (1994), and the Distress Tolerance Scale by Simons and Gaher (2005) were completed by both groups at pre-test, post-test, and one-month follow-up phases. The intervention group received eight one-hour sessions of group compassion-focused therapy. The data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA in SPSS version 28.

The group compassion-focused therapy had a significant effect on reducing internalized shame, external shame, and increasing distress tolerance (P<0.01). The intervention had the greatest effect on distress tolerance with an effect size of 0.571, followed by internalized shame and external shame with effect sizes of 0.419 and 0.417, respectively.

The group compassion-focused therapy can reduce shame and improve distress tolerance of mothers of children with ASD.

Feelings of shame and guilt are seen in a wide range of psychological disorders, and these feelings are of high importance in disorders related to eating and obesity.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Guilt and Shame Questionnaire.

This study was applied in terms of aim and in terms of methodology in the field of descriptive-correlation researches of psychometric type, respectively. The statistical population included all individuals with high Body Mass Indexes (BMI > 25) who referred to nutrition clinics affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences in 2022, 573 of whom were selected using convenience sampling. Data were collected using External Shame Scales (1994) and Body Image Flexibility Questionnaire (2013) and Guilt and Shame Questionnaire (2022). In order to analyze the findings, the internal consistency method  with Cronbach's alpha was performed, and to check the construct validity  with confirmatory factor analysis, SPSS version 25 and Lisrel version 8.8 were employed.

The results showed that this scale has desirable psychometric properties. There is a significant positive correlation (r=0.66) between the current Questionnaire and the Scale of External Shame, and a significant negative correlation (r=-0.63) with the Scale of Flexibility Body Image. Also, Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the total scale  was 0.87.

Considering the desirable psychometric features of the Shame and Guilt Scale and the short form of the questionnaire (8 questions), this questionnaire can be used in people with high body mass indexes and people with eating disorders.

Urological surgery could be an unpleasant experience for patients due to the need for exposure of the patient's genital area. The present study aimed to determine the effect of gender matching of urological patients and the surgery team on anxiety, shame, and vital signs.

This quasi-experimental study was conducted in Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Hamadan, Iran, in 2021. A total of 160 patients were selected via convenience sampling and randomly divided into control and intervention groups (n=80 in each group). The patients in the control group were admitted to the operating room as usual, but the gender of the surgical team was matched with the patients of the intervention group. The data were collected using the Vital Signs Flow Sheet, Spielberger's State Anxiety Inventory, and Cook’s Internalized Shame Scale and finally analyzed in SPSS software (version 16).

Based on the findings of this study, the two groups were homogeneous in terms of demographic and clinical characteristics (P>0.05). At the beginning of the study, there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of variables of vital signs, anxiety, and internalized shame (P>0.05). After admission to the operating room, the rate of vital signs, except for temperature, was significantly lower in the intervention group than in the control group (P<0.05). Moreover, the level of anxiety and shame of the intervention group was significantly lower than the control group (P<0.05).

If gender of patients is matched with the surgical team, the patients will feel less ashamed and anxious, and the level of vital signs will be closer to normal.

Depression is the fourth major cause of disease burden in the world, which alone accounts for the largest share of non-fatal disease burden. The present study was done to investigate the mediating role of shame and self-criticism in the relationship between attachment styles and the severity of depression symptoms.

The current research design was descriptive and structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the current study was all people in the age range of 18 to 47 years in Tehran in 2022. The research sample consisted of 212 people who were selected using the available sampling method. In order to collect data, Beck’s Depression Questionnaire, Hazen and Shaver’s Attachment Styles Questionnaire, Tangeni et al.’s Shame Questionnaire, and Thompson, and Zaroff’s Critical Levels Questionnaire were used. For the statistical analysis of the data, structural equation modeling using Lisrel 8/8 software was used.

The results of data analysis showed a positive and significant relationship between anxious-avoidant attachment styles (r=0.62; p<0.01) and anxious-ambivalent (r=0.51; p<0.01) and the severity of depression symptoms, shame and the severity of depression (r=0.75; p<0.01), and self-criticism and the severity of depression (r=0.45; p<0.01). Also, the anxious-avoidant insecure attachment path and the anxious-ambivalent insecure attachment path showed a significant relationship with the severity of depression symptoms with the mediating role of shame, with standard coefficients of 0.30 and 0.33, respectively, at the p<0.05 level. In addition, the anxious-avoidant insecure attachment path and the anxious-ambivalent insecure attachment path showed a significant relationship with the severity of depression symptoms with the mediating role of self-criticism, with standard coefficients of 0.22 and 0.33, respectively, at the p<0.05 level.

According to the results of the present study, anxious-avoidant and ambivalent insecure attachment, shame, and self-criticism are the underlying factors of depression, and paying attention to the mentioned variables helps researchers and therapists in the prevention and designing of more appropriate treatments.

Despite the negative consequences of breast cancer, such as body image concern, many women experience positive changes after diagnosis. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the effective components in these consequences; therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of self-compassion and shame in predicting post-traumatic growth (PTG) and body image concern in breast cancer patients.

The research method is a descriptive correlation type. The statistical population of this research was all women with breast cancer referred to Kosar Hospital in Karaj city in 2022. For this purpose, 150 of these people were selected by convenience sampling method, taking into account the inclusion and exclusion criteria and answered the Self-Compassion Scale, Body Image Concern Inventory, Objectified Body Consciousness Scale, and Post Traumatic Growth Inventory. After collecting the questionnaires, the collected data were analyzed using (SPSS- 24), Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis simultaneously.

The results showed that there is a positive and significant correlation between self-compassion and post-traumatic growth (p<0.01). There is a negative and significant correlation between self-compassion and body image concern (p<0.01). There is a negative and significant correlation between shame and post-traumatic growth (p<0.01). There is a positive and significant correlation between shame and body image concern (p<0.01). The results of multiple regression analysis also revealed that 71% of the variance of post-traumatic growth and 61.4% of the variance of body image concern is explained by self-compassion and shame.

The results of this study showed that focusing on self-compassion after traumatic experiences can be effective in predicting post-traumatic growth and reducing body image concerns. Also, the activation of body shame has a negative effect on PTG and body image. Interventions based on SC and reducing body shame in future research can probably improve body image concerns and help increase PTG.

In general Emotions are often analyzed on the basis of basic characteristics such as stimulus events, facial expressions, physical change, phenomenological experience, and functional motivations or inclinations (7). Most studies related to guilt have shown that this feeling has a positive correlation of stability with positive social and interpersonal adjustment of love (9).However, due to the teachability of emotions and the ways of expressing them, parents have a great role in this important matter. The educational measures that parents take in the field of emotional education of their children have been studied with the help of various concepts and models. One of the most important of these concepts is the philosophical philosophy of parents. There are two dimensions of emotional awareness and guidance. Emotional awareness indicates parents' awareness of their own and their children's emotions and their ability to discuss the dimensions of emotions in the family, and guidance refers to a level of parental intervention using tools such as Direct instructions and talking to children are about their emotions, as well as worrying about those emotions, respecting them, and accepting their children's emotional experiences (10).Given that adolescent psychologists consider adolescence as a time of increased emotional instability and peak emotions. Observation-based studies indicate an increase in the expression of negative emotions along with a decrease in the expression of positive emotions during puberty. Also, by studying and understanding the emotions of adolescents, their behavior can be understood; Because emotions are the cause of many human behaviors. Moral emotions that have been considered by psychologists in the last two decades have been considered as a factor for human behavior, and therefore the identification of factors affecting moral emotions can be in adolescence. Be of considerable importance.

To conduct the present descriptive and applied research, which was done by correlation method and in the field, among 10th and 11th grade male and female high school students in Shiraz in the 97-96 academic year using the Cochran's 422 sample volume formula. Secondary school students (240 boys and 182 girls) were selected by cluster random sampling. Of these 422, 206 were tenth grade students and 216 were eleventh grade students. The sampling method was as follows: first, from among the 4 education districts of Shiraz, two schools (one for girls and one for boys) were selected from each district and two classes (one tenth grade and one eleventh grade) were randomly selected from each school. Then, 30-item questionnaires of Farahijani's perspective on the parents of Evelyn Koo (2000) (10), self-conscious questionnaire, and 16 question-based scenario-based questions of Nanji et al. (1992) were distributed and collected among the sample. It should be noted that the distorted questionnaires were discarded and the rest were analyzed (8).Finally, descriptive statistics, Kalmogorov-Smirnov test and Pearson correlation coefficient were used to analyze the data using SPSS software.

The results showed that there is no correlation between research variables (Table 1). According to Table 2, a significant difference was observed between adolescent girls and boys in the guilt variable. Thus, girls's guilt score is significantly higher than boys's guilt score. The results showed that the dimension of emotional guidance is a positive and significant predictor of guilt. But he could not directly predict the feeling of shame. Also, the dimension of emotional awareness was not a direct predictor of adolescents' moral emotions (Table 3).

The results showed that the component of mother's emotional awareness, which indicates the mother's awareness of her and their children's emotions and their ability to discuss the dimensions of emotions in the family, has nothing to do with children's shame and guilt. To justify this finding, it can be said that in Iranian families, discussion about emotions is less common than guidance, and parents spend more time setting boundaries and frameworks for their children. For this reason, this dimension has not been able to predict the emotions of shame and sin.The emotional awareness dimension was not a direct predictor of adolescents' moral emotions. Unfortunately, little attention has been paid to how parents are taught to improve their children's moral qualities. Factors such as marital discord, parental trauma, and poor socioeconomic conditions prevent parents from understanding and using these skills. Some behaviors of parents with their spouse or children not only do not promote moral development, but also create serious obstacles to it. Therefore, in some families, attention to the promotion of moral transformation begins with a change in destructive behavior in the family (13). It may also be argued that in Iranian families, the discussion of emotions is less common than that of guidance, and that parents spend more time setting boundaries and frameworks for their children. For this reason, this dimension has not been able to predict the moral emotions of adolescents (13).In the present study, according to the means, it is observed that the average score of guilt of girls is significantly higher than the score of guilt of boys. This finding is in line with the findings of Baker et al. (2011) entitled "Study of the relationship between spirituality and feelings of shame and guilt in students" (7), the findings of the study of Etemad et al. (2013) entitled 9) and the findings of the research of Abbasi et al. To explain this hypothesis, it can be said that because girls are less likely than boys to commit wrongdoing and have traditionally been trained to practically be barred from doing many things, as soon as they do anything that is the slightest contradiction. With the principles and values ​​of family and society, the feeling of guilt increases in them and they feel remorse.

The problem of addiction potential experienced by young adults is usually accompanied by narcissistic personality traits. Research has confirmed two distinct forms of narcissism: grandiose and vulnerable. Meanwhile, shame as the main emotion and attachment style plays an essential role in these disorders. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of reviewing research on addiction potential and the role of narcissistic factors, shame experiences, and attachment patterns. Using the Google Scholar database, key words such as Addiction Potential, Narcissism, Shame and Attachment Style were searched. PubMed was searched for Addiction, Narcissistic Personality Disorder, shame, and Attachment Styles. All time periods were used for this review and more than two hundred documents were reviewed and extracted based on the criteria.

The results showed that in some studies, a significant relationship was observed among potential for addiction, narcissism, shame experiences, and attachment patterns; in some other studies, potential for addiction was predictable through narcissism, shame experiences, and attachment patterns.
In general, we can conclude that addiction is a big problem that is affecting many societies today, by identifying how these factors are formed in children and development paths affecting it, a big step can be taken in the direction of educating parents and communities.

Epidemic diseases and their spread are considered a great threat to human health, which leads to adverse mental health effects due to the occurrence of severe changes in life, this study aims to explore the experience of stigma among medical staff. The frontline of the fight against Corona was done.

The present qualitative research was conducted using the hermeneutic phenomenological method, emphasizing Van Manen's method in Bo Ali Sina therapeutic training center in Qazvin city. This research lasted from the beginning of November to the beginning of February 1400, the participants were interviewed by purposeful sampling method until the data saturation stage was reached.

The study showed that the participants experienced three types of social stigma, dependent and self-stigma. First, 190 codes were extracted, and after reduction, elimination, and mergers, 130 initial codes remained finally, by analyzing the information, 8 classes, 63 sub-classes, and 4 within the topic of "own stigma, social stigma, the stigma of family and compatibility with the stigma It was extracted.

The participants in the study pointed out the reduction of cooperation in the workplace due to less exposure to patients with COVID, as well as changes in mood such as fear, stress, anxiety, and anger, and a decrease in self-confidence and feeling of shame, etc., caused by stigma.

Compared to the past, the competition in today's markets is wider and more diverse, and many companies are trying to provide the conditions for their growth and development by developing appropriate competitive strategies. One of these strategies is paying more attention to customers' feelings. (1). Also, in today's competitive market, the most important issue of shopping centers is the different tastes of customers, which is considered one of the important discussions of organizations. Despite the known information about shopping centers, these centers usually have the same products and goods. For example, many shopping centers have placed places as entertainment, reception and conversation centers for friends and customers. Also, some other shopping centers attract customers by placing a variety of products in shop windows and decorating them. In order to bring the best shopping experience to customers, shopping malls must offer unique and different products and services to customers compared to other stores. (2). Nowadays, the good location of shopping centers does not guarantee the success of these centers anymore. The lack of differentiation in providing goods and services to customers is currently a problem in these centers. Shopping centers often offer similar goods and services to customers. However, some of them have added a wide range of amenities to their stores to gain the satisfaction and loyalty of their customers. (3). Today, customer satisfaction is a key factor for the success of organizations. Researchers state that satisfaction is related to the evaluation of products and services and purchase values. These researchers have stated that the evaluation of products in terms of hedonic values leads to a positive effect and the feeling of positive consumption leads to the customer's intention to buy again. (4); Considering that hedonic shopping values affect the mental perceptions and perceptions of customers. (5) Also, due to the reopening of large shopping centers in Iran and stores that offer all the goods needed by the customer in one place, this issue arises that hedonic and materialistic shopping values, according to the different tastes of customers, To what extent can it lead to the intention to repurchase the customers of these shopping centers? Therefore, in this research, based on the background of previous researches and the conceptual model, the effect of hedonism on consumer guilt and consumer shame, the effect of diversification on consumer guilt and consumer shame, the effect of materialism on consumer's feelings Let's examine consumer guilt and consumer shame, consumer guilt and consumer shame on repurchase intention. In the world of shopping and consumption, impulse buying has a lot to do with inappropriate individual behavior and preferences, the negative consequences of which include personal and financial issues, post-purchase satisfaction, social reactions, and above all, individual self-esteem, but sometimes impulse buying is a behavior. It is considered normal and even with positive consequences. Instant shopping is a complex but enjoyable phenomenon. Because a person does not care about the consequences of his actions in the future. Of course, it should be mentioned that just having the feeling of buying a gift does not necessarily lead to action, but various variables can affect the relationship between buying a gift and action. This behavior is an experience, but an experience that happens very quickly. Instant buying can be likened to stealing goods rather than choosing goods, and from an individual point of view, it is more unconscious than conscious. In fact, buyers who experience impulse purchases do not give in to any stimulus or demand. There are various factors that may inform the consumer of his need and at the same time inform him what will be the result of the immediate purchase and the feeling related to it. Factors such as financial situation, time, way of looking at issues and social status and maybe even immediate purchase can be effective in creating the need and evaluating it and speed of purchase. (6) Psychologists believe that people's desire for instant purchases is different and can occur with different notions of hedonism, diversification and materialism. (7,8) Also, shopping for pleasure is always more personal and internal than value based on utility and is often the result of play and entertainment. (9) Consumers can fantasize about owning a product. Also, they may feel arousal after a pleasurable shopping experience. In this case, hedonic shopping consumes emotions such as happiness, jealousy, fear, passion, and pleasure, and these emotions and feelings are phenomena related to motivation and stimuli. (10) In addition, Hirschman and Holbrook state that emotional arousal can be the main motivation of consumers in some product categories such as books, food, games and sportswear and can lead to pleasurable purchases. Just as pleasure-seeking buyers have different motivations, these consumers also have different expectations from their purchases. Babin, Darden, and Griffin state that shopping means more than just having a product, and retailers must focus on the more pleasurable aspects of shopping in order to be successful; Because the pleasant experience of customers plays an important role in gaining a competitive advantage. Despite the fact that retailers try to differentiate themselves from competitors by providing a pleasant experience for the customer; However, limited studies have been done in the academic space on reasons and hedonic motives in the activity of consumer buying activities. (11)

The present study examines the effect of pleasure on consumer guilt and shame, the effect of diversify on consumer guilt and shame, the effect of materialism on consumer guilt and shame, as well as consumer guilt and shame on repurchase intention. The current research is applied in terms of its purpose and is considered a survey in terms of the method of data collection. A questionnaire was used to collect information. For this purpose, among 384 customers of shopping malls in Tehran, the hypotheses were tested by stratified random method according to the volume of distribution and through structural equation modeling. The items are taken from the research of Babin et al. (1994); Lee et al. (2009); Richins and Dawson (1992); Dedeoğlu and Kazançoğlu (2012), Maclnnis and Patrick (2006) and Diallo (2012) were localized with the opinion of professors and experts. To check the validity of the content of the questionnaire, 12 copies of the questionnaire were given to the professors of business administration and the content validity ratio (CVR) was calculated for each of the items, and the value obtained was acceptable for all the items of the questionnaire.

According to the research findings, pleasure, diversify and materialism have a positive effect on consumers' feelings of guilt and shame. Also, pleasure, diversify and materialism are effective on repurchase intention. On the other hand, consumer guilt and shame have a negative effect on repurchase intention.

Considering that the effect of pleasure, diversify and materialism on guilt and shame was confirmed, shopping center managers should try to take measures to manage and reduce the guilt and shame of consumers after shopping, so that they can buy again in the goods. Purchased, because if these centers do not pay psychological attention to consumers, they may lose a significant part of their buyers. Because considering the importance of post-purchase disonance of consumers such as feelings of guilt and shame in repeat purchases, companies should be aware of the importance of post-purchase anomalies in consumers at all stages of service provision and provide solutions. Because training programs and trainings with products will work more consciously.

Depression is one of the most common postpartum disorders. Also, women with postpartum depression have problems in emotional regulation. The aim of the study was to predict anger expression based on attachment styles with the mediation of experiential avoidance and conscious emotions in women with postpartum depression in 2019.

The research method was descriptive-correlational and the statistical population of this study included all women with a diagnosis of postpartum depression who referred to health centers in Tehran province in 2019, from which 250 people were selected by convenience sampling. Data were collected using demographic questionnaire, “Revised Adult Attachment Scale”, “Multidimensional Experimental Avoidance Questionnaire”, and the “Beck Depression Inventory”, State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory – 2, Kugler and Jones Guilty Feelings Questionnaire and Experience of Shame Scale. The validity of the instruments was confirmed using construct validity by confirmatory factor analysis method and the reliability by internal consistency method was confirmed by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The data were analyzed in SPSS. 26 and Amos .26.

The pattern of structural equations using statistical indices showed secure attachment style (β = -0.223, P≥0.05), attachment style Ambiguous / anxious (β = 0.506, P≥0.05), avoidant attachment style (β = 0.212, P≥0.01) has a significant relationship with experimental avoidance  Also, the direct coefficients of experimental avoidance for anger expression (β=0.10, P≥0.01) and conscious emotions to the expression of anger, experiential avoidance to the expression of anger (β=0.88, P≥0.001). Also, the results of indirect path coefficients between secure attachment style (β=-0.237, P≥0.001), ambivalent/anxious attachment style (β=0.716, P≥0.001) and avoidant attachment style (0.066) =β, P≥0.01) is significant through experimental avoidance with anger expression. The results of indirect path coefficients between secure attachment style (β=-0.202, P≥0.001), ambivalent/anxious attachment style (β=0.580, P≥0.001) and avoidant attachment style (β=0.158 β, P≥0.01) is significant through self-conscious emotions with the expression of anger.

Experiential avoidance and conscious emotions are mediating variables in the relationship between attachment styles and the experience of negative emotions such as expressing anger in women with postpartum depression. Therefore, ambivalent/anxious attachment style to the perception of threat in disturbing situations along with negative self-view and experience of secondary emotions such as shame and guilt lead to experience of anger in women with postpartum depression. It is suggested that psychological interventions in reducing negative emotions and experiential avoidance in women with postpartum depression should be considered by therapists.