جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Time Perception » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

A growing body of research stresses the effect of time perspective (TP) on the genesis and maintenance of psychological disorders. However, the variations in the TP configuration of individuals with different disorders have not yet been completely investigated. We aimed to compare the differences in TP among patients with three common psychiatric disorders.

We recruited 30 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), 30 with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and 30 with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Participants completed Zimbardo’s Time Perspective Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale, Maudsley Obsessive Compulsive Inventory, and Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID-5). The one-way MANOVA was utilized for the comparison of TP dimensions among the three disordered groups.

The results showed that TP was significantly affected in all three clinical groups. The effect of the disorder on time perspective was significant for Past Negative (PN) (F (2, 84) = 11.86, P < 0.01), Past Positive (PP) (F (2, 84) = 6.66, P < 0.01), Present Fatalistic (PF) (F (2, 84) = 7.08, P < 0.01) and Future (F) (F (2, 84) = 26.40, P < 0.01), but not for Present Hedonistic (PH). The findings revealed that the MDD group scored the highest on PN, with the GAD group scoring higher than the OCD group. The GAD and OCD groups reported higher PP than the MDD group. In addition, the MDD group scored higher than both the GAD and OCD groups on PF. Finally, the GAD patients reported higher scores than both the MDD and OCD patients on the F dimension, while the OCD patients scored higher than the MDD patients.

Individuals with MDD tend to obtain higher scores in PN and PF time perspective, whereas those with GAD and OCD showed higher PP and F scores. These findings demonstrate the significance of examining TP in clinical patients and prompt further research into the association between TP and the disorders being studied. Perspectives on therapy are also explored.

Time perception refers to the capability to recognize the passage of time. The cerebellum is located at the back of the brain, underlying the occipital and temporal lobes. Dyschronometria is a cerebellar dysfunction, in which a person cannot precisely estimate the amount of time that has passed. Cardiac indicators such as heart rate (HR) variability have been associated with mental function in healthy individuals. Moreover, time perception has been previously studied concerning cardiac signs. Human time perception is influenced by various factors such as attention and drowsiness. An electroencephalogram (EEG) is a suitable modality for evaluating cortical reactions due to its affordability and usefulness. Because EEG has a high sequential outcome, it offers valuable data to explore variability in psychological situations. An electrocardiogram (ECG) records electrical signals from the heart to examine various heart conditions. The electromyography (EMG) technique detects electrical impulses produced by muscles.

EEG, ECG, and EMG are integrated during time perception. This study evaluated the human body’s time perception through the neurological, cardiovascular, and muscular systems using a simple neurofeedback exercise after time perception tasks. The three biosignals which are EEG, ECG, and EMG were investigated to use them as biomarkers for recognizing time perception difficulty as the main goal of the study. Five healthy college students with no health issues participated, and their EEG, ECG, and EMG were recorded while relaxing and performing a time wall estimation task and neurofeedback training. Previous research has shown the relationship between EEG frequency bands and the frontal center during time perception. Investigating the connection between ECG, EEG, and EMG under time perception conditions is significant.

The results show that ECG (HR), EEG (Delta wave), and EMG (root mean square) are critical features in time perception difficulties.

The ability and outcomes of multiple biomarkers might allow for improved diagnosis and monitoring of the progress of any treatment applications such as biofeedback training. Furthermore, those biomarkers could be used as useful for evaluating and treating dyschronometria.

The human brain is a complex system consist of connected nerve cells that adapts with and learn from the environment by changing its regional activities. Synchrony between these regional activities called functional network changes during the life, and with learning of new skills. Time perception and interval discrimination are among the most necessary skills for the human being to perceive motions, coordinate the motor functions, speak and perform lots of cognitive functions. Despite its importance, the underlying mechanism of changes in brain functional connectivity pattern during learning of time intervals still needs to be well understood. In this study, we aimed to show how the changes of EEG functional connectivity associate with the learning of temporal intervals. In this regard, twelve healthy volunteers trained with an auditory time-interval discrimination task over six days while their brain activities were recorded via EEG signals during the first and the last sessions. Then, changes in regional phase synchronies were calculated using the weighted/phase lag index approach. The most effective EEG functional connections at the temporal and prefrontal regions  and in the theta and beta bands frequency. In addition, the wpli index reported more accurate values. The results showed functional connectivity at the prefrontal and the temporal regions were significantly changed by learning of interval discrimination. These findings could shed a light on better understanding of brain mechanism involved in time perception.

Time perception is a fundamental element of human life. Time can offer a possibility to perceive the world around us, and a sense of self is shaped upon this perception. Unfortunately, current evidence indicates that hearing-impaired children have experienced major difficulties in time perception after cochlear implant surgery because of their early auditory deprivation.

This research was conducted through a narrative review method. To achieve the principal goal, we first searched some of the most scientific databases and publishers including Elsevier, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science direct. Then, out of 215 most relative articles, 52 articles were selected and examined the role of cognitive metaphors and time perception in language intervention of cochlear implanted children using some main keywords in this field. 

Examining the structure of conceptual metaphors and the importance of time in language perception among children with cochlear implants indicated that applying intervention protocols based on learning conceptual metaphors and advancing the perception of time in terms of these metaphors is one of the important issues that should be considered in future research. 

Concerning new educational and therapeutic approaches in language interventions for cochlear implanted children, it is necessary to consider some major issues such as the relationship between conceptual metaphors and understanding of time and strengthen language skills by improving time perception when developing rehabilitative programs.