جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Zoning » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

With the expansion of urbanization and the development of industry, environmental pollution, including sources of drinking water to heavy metals, has become a global problem. Therefore, the present study was conducted to measure the concentration of lead and cadmium in the water of Gorgan distribution network.

This is a descriptive cross-sectional study in which the concentrations of heavy metals lead and cadmium were measured in 25 different stations of the Gorgan drinking water distribution network from April to September 2018 by atomic absorption device. Statistical analysis was used from SPSS ver 22 software. Also, zoning maps based on the concentration of these two metals were prepared by Geographic Information System (GIS) software.

The results of measuring the lead and cadmium concentration showed that all measured values are less than national and international standards. In general, the average concentrations of lead and cadmium were 4.38 and 0.1 μg/L, respectively. The results of Kruskal-Wallis test showed that there was a significant difference (p <0.01) between the concentrations obtained from lead metal in different months. Additionally, the distribution map of this lead and cadmium exhibited that in the central areas and some border areas, the concentration of these two metals is higher.

According to the obtained results, it can be seen that the concentration of heavy metals lead and cadmium in the water of Gorgan distribution network is within the permitted standards.

Different types of death among people indicates both the extent to which people use different types of health care and the growth and development of a society. Premature mortality imposes a heavy burden on society in terms of health, economy, and mental issues. Given the preventability of these deaths, efforts are being made to reduce premature deaths by 25 percent ın hıgh level plans by 1404s.

The purpose of this descriptive-analytical study, using death registration data, was to perform zoning of premature deaths in the cities supervised by Semnan University of Medical Sciences in Iran, it also investigated the factors affecting the premature deaths in order to reduce premature mortality especially among people at the age range of 30 to 69. Data were extracted based on the information of death certificates entered in the death registration system from 2013 to 2018. We, thus, studied 3619 registered deaths. The data were analyzed through SPSS software, using descriptive statistics (Relative Frequency, Mean, and Standard Deviation) and inferential tests (chi-square and independent t-test) according to the type of variables. The level of significance was set at 5 percent.

The mean and standard deviation of premature mortality was found to be 55.7 ± 10.6 and most of the deaths occurred in the seventh decade of their life. Premature mortality was more common among men, employed people, and urban residents. The major causes of premature mortality included cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and accidents.

The results showed that accidents are the major cause of premature mortality at younger age, but they are gradually replaced by chronic and non-communicable diseases at the middle age. Therefore, in order to reduce the risk factors regarding premature mortality, collaboration of the related organizations is essential.

Nitrate is one of the most important pollutants in groundwater resources, which is mainly caused by agricultural fertilizers and wastewater disposal and is very important for health hazards. The purpose of this study was to identify the sources of nitrate contamination and zoning in groundwater resources of Tiran and Karvan area in west of Isfahan, Iran, using Geographic Information System (GIS) and investigate the status of nitrate in the groundwater aquifer.

This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 40 underground water sources of Tiran and Karvan in west of Isfahan during a four-year period. Nitrate test was performed by spectrophotometer. The results were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) in GIS and SPSS software. One-sample t-test was used to compare the mean nitrate content of water sources with the corresponding standard.

The mean concentration of nitrate in 2013, 2014, 2015, and 2016 was 42.29 ± 17.27, 43.33 ± 16.65, 45.09 ± 16.95, 47.29 ± 18.10 mg/l, respectively. The highest amount of nitrate based on the interpolation map was related to the central parts of the city. The best method of interpolation for nitrate, considering the normal distribution of data, was ordinary kriging and Gaussian and exponential models. One-way ANOVA showed that there was no significant difference between the mean concentration in 2016 with the mean values measured in different years (P > 0.05). The one-sample t-test showed that the average nitrate in 2015 and 2016 was below the global standard of 50 mg/l (P > 0.05).

Nitrate concentration in the region's water resources is at the standard level, but considering its values and changes over the past three years, the probability of increasing and exceeding the standard limit is expected. Moreover, according to GIS maps, the average nitrate in the central part of the city is higher than the other parts. In order to prevent the incremental trend of nitrate, proper management in use of nitrogen fertilizers, land use change, construction of sewage treatment plant, and necessary training measures must be done.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the microbial quality of drinking water in Karaj, Iran in terms of heterotrophic bacteria count index (HPC) and its variation trend using geographic information system (GIS) in 2016.

In this study, water sampling was carried out in Karaj distribution network in all 12 regions and based on this, 3 samples were taken from each region by grab sampling technique.

The findings indicated that the mean terms of free residual chlorine, turbidity, and pH in the 12 regions of Karaj were respectively measured 0.2-0.8 mg/l, 0.22-0.94 NTU, and 7.3-7.8. The highest levels of HPC in regions of 3, 6 and 9 of Karaj were detected at 70, 115 and 320 colonies, respectively. The highest turbidity rates were 2.48 and 1.62 NTU in regions 3 and 9, respectively, and the lowest rate was 0.22 NTU in region 5.

According to results, in all samples, the obtained HPC levels were within the recommended national standards. Furthermore, the results of water quality zoning using ordinary point kriging represent high quality drinking water and its complete overlap in the studied cases.

The high consumption of nitrogen-containing fertilizers in the agricultural lands of Freidan is resulted to increasing of the nitrate concentration in drinking water in some of the underground water wells even higher than allowed amount. Therefore, the aim of this study is survey and zoning of nitrate concentration in groundwater resources in Freidan using Geographic Information System (GIS). This study is analytical-cross sectional. In this research, nitrate concentration determination carried out by spectrophotometry according to standard method and compared with WHO guideline (50 mg/l). Then zoning of nitrate concentration in groundwater resources in Freidan was investigated using Arc GIS 10.1 by IDW and Kriging methods. Findings: The results of this study showed that in half of the wells in Freidan, nitrate concentration was higher than the WHO guideline. Also, nitrate concentration zoning using GIS in groundwater resources was showed that the wells including high nitrate were located in central and southern regions of Freidan. Improper irrigation methods and excessive use of nitrogen fertilizers by untrained farmers can increase nitrate in groundwater resources. So should consider arrangements for farmers Training related to reduction of these fertilizers consumption.

Background and Nitrate, nitrite and other physicochemical parameters of the pollutants of groundwater resources which are mainly associated with agricultural and wastewater disposal areas. The aim of this study was to determine these parameters in drinking groundwater resource of Saveh city using Geographic Information System during the year of 2018 and investigation of contaminant’s in the region’s aquifer.
In this descriptive cross - sectional study, data including temperature, Nitrate, Nitrite, pH, TDS, Total hardness, Fluoride, Ammonium, Sulfate, Chloride, and Sodium’s monitoring in Saveh during the year of 2018. Monthly concentrations of these parameters were calculated, and then relationships between pollutants and region’s aquifer analyzed by GIS software version 9.3. Also, the Inverse Distance Wighted (IDW) method was used to estimate the conditions of the whole region.
Findings: The average concentration of chlorine, sulfate, electrical conductivity, total soluble solids, total hardness and sodium exceeds the permissible limits, and the non-qualitative water conditions are quite evident. Also, the amount of two magnesium and sulfate synergist ions that in their 1053 standard should not exceed 250 and 30 mg/l respectively, but unfortunately did not conform to this standard. It should be kept in mind that the high level of these two ions simultaneously can disrupt the harshness. Fluoride and nitrate levels were also acceptable range in all areas.
The highest deviation level from 1053 standard was for total soluble solids, sodium, magnesium, and sulfate. It is better to consider a comprehensive program to solve the problem, including use of nanotechnology, filtering or ion exchange

The role of groundwater has always been an important issue in order to provide drinking water especially in desert areas. However, studies and decision-making on water supply from the water source is more costly and difficult rather than surface water. Therefore, it is important to note the newest methods like zoning. Due to the effects of water chemical parameters on the quality, application of AHP, ANP, FAHP, and FANP methods lead to more accurate results. The aim of this research was to zone groundwater quality using ANP and FANP models and comparison of the results obtained by those achieved, by AHP and FAHP models.
For this purpose, the study was conducted to zone groundwater quality in Tabas aquifer located at the east of Iran with latitude between 33˚ 19’-33˚ 50’ and longitude between 60˚ 42’-63˚ 12’. In this study, the parameters studied were Mg, Ca, SO4, Cl, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), and total hardness (TH). Raster maps for each parameter were prepared and these maps were converted to fuzzy maps. Then, the maps were integrated together using the weights from AHP and ANP methods.
The research indicated that the most weighted parameters using ANP method were Cl (0.172), Mg (0.161) and EC (0.159). Cl (0.457), TDS (0.163) and EC (0.141) were the most weighted parameters using AHP methods. In addition, the concentration of each parameter was increased from the east and southeast to the northeast.
Based on the results and groundwater flow path, water quality was reduced due to water flow in aquifer (from the east and southeast to northeast). Hence, the east and the southeast were the best location to provide drinking water. The area of these regions were 22.12, 25.08, 57.35 and 58.24% out of total area as determined using AHP, ANP, FAHP, and FANP, respectively.

There is a need for rapid response centers in unexpected disasters with balanced and equitable access to assess and to locate the optimal fixed and mobile stations of relief and rescue in Guilan province due to the extensive forest resources and abundant rainfall that sometimes leads to flood and wildfires, road accidents and earthquakes in one hand; and tourist attraction, high population density and dispersion of rural areas in Guilan province in other hand.
In this study, mixed methods research was used, quantitative method (AHP) and qualitative method for collecting data. Data collected with Interviewing experts and specialists, reviewing the records and previous documents by using the questionnaire. All experts and specialist in this field were studied as well as rural areas zoning of Guilan province (2935 villages). The non-probability purposive sampling method was used. The content validity was evaluated by Lavosh formula (0.86) and reliability by Cronbach's alpha method (0.88). For data analysis, expert choice and GIS software have been used.
Findings: Based on the output of the used models, 49 points were proposed for fixed stations and 34 points for establishment of mobile stations. Also, equipment needed for each station and the radius of its useful range were calculated based on the maximum response time to the incident.
According to the results, distribution of relief and rescue centers has not been done optimal with balanced access especially in rural areas. Therefore, fixed stations were suggested in villages with high risk aversion, and radius of their useful range was determined based on considerations of population density, activity and quality of the main routes. The considerable part of the initial risk areas, were not covered by functional stationary stations due to the lack of requirements for the fixed station construction. Therefore, in order to reduce the vacancy, it is predicted to create mobile and temporary station in some parts.

Nitrate is one of the pollutants of groundwater resources which are mainly associated with agricultural and wastewater disposal areas. The aim of this study was to determine the Zoning of Nitrate in water sources of Eslamshahr city using Geographic Information System during 2010-2015 and investigation of contaminant’s in the region’s aquifer.
This cross-sectional study was carried out on 50 sources of Eslamshahr drinking water. The results of 6 years, Archived in Water and sewage company, were analyzed with GIS software version 9.3 and SPSS version 16, using one way ANOVA test. The sampling and measurements also were performed by the researchers based on the Standard method book.
The best method of interpolation for nitrate due to the normal distribution of data was ordinary Kriging and the Gaussian model. The highest values of nitrate in most points are related to the western parts based on maps. One way ANOVA test showed there is a significant difference between the average amount of Nitrate in different years (2010-2015) (P.Value According to the results, In order to prevent the increase of nitrate in the water sources, doing of some actions such as Privacy wells, the use of river water for agriculture and construction of wastewater treatment plant seems to be necessary.

Background and Quality of surface waters is important for different uses and identification of contaminated sites and pollutants leads to appropriate use of water. So, the aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of water Babolrood.
In this cross-sectional study, sampling was conducted in ten stations during summer 2013. Data was analyzed using National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index (NSFWQI) and SPSS, and then the river’s path was zoned by Geographic Information System (GIS).
Based on NSFWQI, the best status was found in second station (79, good) and the worst was observed in station 10 (52, moderate).
Based on NSFWQI, the quality of river was good in upstream and moderate in downstream, indicating human as the main responsible for low quality of water.

Introduction and  Population growth and the pollution caused by discharge of sewage, waste leachate and surface runoff has caused water contamination. Zoning river water quality is the first and most important step in managing quality of water resources; because it clarifies the process of change in pollution, according to the time and place. Water health quality evaluation of the Cheshmeh Gerdoo river is of great importance, since it is a drinking-water supply and pollutants have been discharged into this river. In this study, sampling from six stations was performed, during three months. Then, water-quality parameters, i.e., dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), fecal coliform, NO3, PO4, TS, turbidity, temperature and pH were examined along the river. The data were analyzed using NSFWQI quality indices. In this study, the lowest DO quantity was equal to 6.4 mg/l at station 6 and the maximum amount was equal to 8.5 mg/l at station 1. Other parameters showed an increasing trend. In accordance with our results, NSFWQI index was calculated at the best and worst cases to be 54.85 and 39.19, respectively. Thus, the water-quality index in the upper part of the river, at station 1, was in the “average” category, and at the stations 4, 5 and 6 it was in the “bad” category. Raise in the levels of fecal coliform and BOD, from the beginning to the end of the river, indicated an increase in pollution. This problem might be caused by discharge of untreated sewage, since the river passes through rural and urban areas. Moreover, the increase in the levels of NO3 and PO4 can be resulted from pollution with agricultural effluents. Also, increase of TS and turbidity can be related to absence of suspended solids deposited along the river.

Point and non-point Pollutions (agricultural and urban) are among the major reasons of the decrease of the groundwater quality.The aim of this study was the assessment of nitrate pollution and usage management of irrigation and drinking water in forbidden Hamedan- Bahar plain. In this study 69 data of Nitrate pollution levels were evaluated with ArcGIS software then the amount of Nitrate pollutionand also the pollution of drinking water were compared with California and EPA standards, respectively, during two periods, before and after the growing season, in 1389. According to the results, the average of Nitrate during May and September were12.14 and 15.13 mg/litter of nitrogen ions, respectively. The plain area percentage that had the Nitrate concentrations between 5 to 30 mg/litterwere 99.17 and 96.24 during June and September, respectively. Comparing with California standard, the results indicated the moderate contamination of irrigation water. The highest level of DO in September was 17.2 mg/l and in June on the same place was 2.28 mg/l. Also in September the area that located in the range of5 - 10 mg/lhad 4.81 percent of the plain. The most contaminated section scontainedyekn- Abad village, the suburb of Hamedan and parts of the Central Plains due to excessive use of fertilizer, transfer of sewage and industrial centres. According to California standard the pollution of irrigation water was in the moderate range and according to EPA standard the drinking water was in the hazard range.