جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « mechanism » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

One of the most important types of proteins related to inflammation is cytokines which are considered as potential biomarkers of esophageal cancer. In this way, these biomarkers, near imaging techniques, may be practical in diagnosis and monitoring therapy in the treatment of many malignancies like esophagus cancer. Remarkably, in this article, the importance of cytokines is demonstrated in order to declare it’s practical applications on the dysregulation of cytokines in esophagus cancer and their clinical and pathological implications in diagnosis and also therapy. It is confirmed that twenty-two cytokines are illustrating abnormal levels in patients with esophagus cancer. Correspondingly, MIF is related to regulation growth processes, and IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 are related directly to regulation in the transcription process. IL-1β and IL-6 stimulate the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Further research is essential to establish the biological significance of cytokines in esophageal cancer, their potential for early diagnosis, pre-and postoperative prognosis, and monitoring the response to chemotherapy and radiotherapy in cancer patients.One of the most important types of proteins related to inflammation is cytokines which are considered as potential biomarkers of esophageal cancer. In this way, these biomarkers, near imaging techniques, may be practical in diagnosis and monitoring therapy in the treatment of many malignancies like esophagus cancer. Remarkably, in this article, the importance of cytokines is demonstrated in order to declare it’s practical applications on the dysregulation of cytokines in esophagus cancer and their clinical and pathological implications in diagnosis and also therapy. It is confirmed that twenty-two cytokines are illustrating abnormal levels in patients with esophagus cancer. Correspondingly, MIF is related to regulation growth processes, and IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 are related directly to regulation in the transcription process. IL-1β and IL-6 stimulate the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Further research is essential to establish the biological significance of cytokines in esophageal cancer, their potential for early diagnosis, pre-and postoperative prognosis, and monitoring the response to chemotherapy and radiotherapy in cancer patients.

The most commonly available drugs for leishmaniasis are pentavalent antimony compounds; whereas the recent studies showed various complications and limitations of these drugs. We aimed to green synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and study the promising antileishmanial and synergic effects of green synthesized silver nanoparticles alone and combined with glucantime.

The precipitation technique was used to drop silver ions via an extract of Astragalus spinosus to AgNPs at Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Humanities, Shaqra University, Saudi Arabia in 2022. Then, its anti-amastigotes, caspase-3-like activity, triggering the nitric oxide (NO) as well as its cytotoxicity effects on macrophage cells as well as effects on leishmaniasis in BALB/c mice infected by L. major were measured.

The size of the AgNPs were ranging from 30-40 nm. The IC50 value for AgNPs, AgNPs+ meglumine antimoniate (MA), and MA was 59.3, 18.6, and 51.2 μg/mL, respectively. The determined FIC value for AgNPs and MA was found to be 0.31 and 0.36, respectively; demonstrating the synergistic potency of AgNPs when combined with MA. The diameter of CL lesions treated with various doses of AgNPs and AgNPs+MA notably (p<0.001) decreased. AgNPs, particularly at the concentrations of ½ IC50 and IC50, considerably triggered the caspase-3 activation. The calculated CC50 of AgNPs and MA was 612.5 and 789.8 μg/mL, respectively. Green synthesized AgNPs, especially in combination with MA had synergic antileishmanial effects and displayed a promising drug candidate for treating L. major CL.

We found satisfactory findings in the parasite reduction in both in vitro and animal models. Still, more studies are expected to explain the precise action mechanisms of AgNPs and their efficacy in humans.

The implementation of health interventions requires the collaboration of various sectors outside health due to the multidimensional nature of healthcare. Building effective partnerships demands the use of intersectoral mechanisms that facilitate the leadership and implementation of these programs. In this review, the mechanisms of intersectoral collaboration (ISC) and their results were identified.

This scoping review was conducted in 2020. Using relevant keywords, all documents related to ISC in the health system were identified by searching four databases (PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Web of Science), Google, and Google scholar search engines. In the initial search, 2911 documents were extracted. Based on the selection criteria 52 documents were selected for content analysis.

Five areas of ISC were identified, including funding (collection, pooling, and distribution of funds), governance and leadership (political commitment, rules and regulations, control and evaluation, and stakeholder engagement), structural mechanisms (interorganizational, government-based, and program-based structures), process tools (information tools, support tools, and resource and service sharing), and models and frameworks (general, national, and program-specific models).

An intersectoral framework or model be developed that considers the financial, structural, and leadership aspects as well as the necessary process tools required for each program. Moreover, it should be considered communication and human resources empowerment in each intervention.

Paraquat (PQ)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) remains a public concern due to its high mortality. Andrographolide (Andro) has anti-oxidative and anti-apoptosis properties. However, the role of Andro in ALI is still unknown. Herein, the purpose was to explore the function of Andro and potential mechanisms in ALI caused by PQ. An animal model of ALI was established with an intraperitoneal injection of PQ at 20mg/kg. Andro was administered intragastrically for three consecutive days. A specific AMPK inhibitor named Compd C, Nrf2 gene knockout, and a specific PI3K inhibitor named LY294002 were used to clarify the possible mechanism. Results revealed that Andro alleviated PQ-induced histopathological changes, including congestion, hemorrhage, destroyed alveoli, and extracellular matrix deposition, and inhibited apoptosis. Andro up-regulated the p-AMPK/AMPK ratio and Nrf2 and HO-1 levels while decreasing p-PI3K and p-Akt levels. In vitro, Andro appeared to reverse the PQ-induced reductions in SOD and CAT. However, Andro weakened the capacity to promote Nrf2 with Compd C and the capacity to reduce MDA and ROS while increasing SOD and CAT after the Nrf2 gene was knocked out. Additionally, Andro mitigated apoptosis by elevating the Bcl-2/Bax ratio. Results also showed that Andro promoted the Bcl-2/Bax ratio to reduce apoptosis with LY294002. In conclusion, Andro reduces the PQ-induced ALI through the AMPK/Nrf2 and PI3K/Akt pathways. The possible mechanism involves an antioxidant capacity to activate the AMPK/Nrf2 pathway and cause anti-apoptosis suppression of the PI3K/Akt pathway.

Considering the importance of scorpions and recognizing the mechanisms of toxicity caused by their medically important species in Iran and adopting the best therapeutic approach based on these mechanisms, this study was performed by reviewing the clinical manifestations of scorpion stings.

The research was conducted by searching for articles and researches in related websites (PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science and CINAHL) and using domestic and international authoritative journals using the keywords of scorpion, clinical manifestations, in a review method. Finally, 104 qualified sources were selected and after review ing and criticizing these studies, the author's point of view was presented.

Clinical manifestations of Scorpion sting toxicity vary due to the existence of two toxic classes of neurotoxins and cytotoxins or hemotoxins in these arthropods in Iran. The number and distribution of species with neurotoxic ven om are higher than the scorpions with cytotoxic venom and are reported throughout Iran. Scorpions with cytotoxic ven om are mostly widespread in south and southwest of Iran.

Treatment and prevention of scorpion stings in Iran and neighboring countries in the Middle East should be planned based on the mechanism of toxicity and the presence of toxic classes with neurotoxic or cytotoxic venoms.

Exosomes are among the factors whose importance has been shown in many diseases today. Recently, it has been shown that exosomes play an important role in the pathogenesis of Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR); however, few studies have been conducted in this regard.

The articles in this review study were retrieved from some databases including PubMed, Google scholar, and Scopus. All the included articles were in English, and those in other languages were excluded. Search keywords included IUGR, exosome, pathogenesis, Mechanism, Cell Signaling, Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Endothelial Dysfunction.

Studies have shown that exosomes contain factors, molecules and gene activators that affect molecular pathways regulation. These molecules play an important role in regulating inflammatory reactions, oxidative stress, and production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). The activation of these pathways can aggravate the clinical symptoms of IUGR. In addition, exosomes can impress induction or inhibition of endothelial dysfunction, which leads to the development of IUGR. Hence, identifying upstream and downstream pathways helps design therapeutic strategies to treat patients.

Tennis is one of the most popular sports in the world, which has its own unique types of injuries due to the unlimited time of competitions and the nature of this sport. The aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiology of tennis injuries in the elite men of the country retrospectively.

The present study was a descriptive and retrospective study and elite male tennis players ranked in 1 to 300 countries were studied in this study. Athletes who reported injuries in the 2019 year were selected as research samples.The collected information was completed through the injury registration form by the athlete and with the help of the researcher. To analyze the data from SPSS software version 22 and using descriptive statistics, Chi-square (2X) to examine the differences in the levels of variables (3 levels and above) and the Prop test to examine the differences in the two-level variable at the level of Significance 0.05 was used.

Injury rate (195 injuries) per 1000 hours of training was 6.04. The results showed that the anatomical region of the elbow was the most injured (21%), the rupture / inflammation of the tendon (34.3%) was the most common type of injury and among these 117 cases (60.3%) the injury was related to Overuse. The most common mechanism of injury was forehand motion (20.9%) and most of the severity of injuries was moderate (22.3%). Also, the highest rate of injury occurred in the end area (71%) and during training (63%) while working with the ball (78.8%).

According to the findings, which indicate the high prevalence of injury in tennis, the medical staff of teams, coaches, and athletes are advised to take the necessary measures to prevent them, taking into account the potential risk factors associated with the occurrence of injury.

In this study, alginate, magnetite, and hydroxyapatite were used to fabricate alginate-hydroxyapatite (Alg-Hap), alginate-Fe3O4 (Alg-Fe3O4), and alginate-magnetic hydroxyapatite (Alg-mHap) using ferric chloride (III) crosslinker to remove cefixime from an aqueous solution. FTIR, SEM, VSM, BET, and XRD tests were used to determine the functional groups, morphology, magnetization behavior, surface area, and crystallinity of catalysts, respectively. The optimal pH for the Fenton reaction was determined to be 3.3 for Alg-Hap and Alg-Fe3O4 catalysts and 4 for Alg-mHap catalysts. Increases in the concentration of hydrogen peroxide (1 to 3 mM) and the amount of catalyst (50 to 90 gr/L) increased the percentage of degradation to approximately 8% and 6%, respectively. The degradation efficiency of cefixime by using Alg-mHap as the best catalyst in the Fenton process was achieved 91%, at optimum condition (pH of 4, catalyst amount of 90 gr/L, initial cefixime concentration of 5 mg/L, H2O2 concentration of 3 mM within 90 min). Moreover, the second-order kinetic equation fits the experimental data for cefixime degradation for all three catalysts. Furthermore, not only did the catalysts display a negligible iron leaching (0.92 mg/L for Alg-mHap) but also after three consecutive cycles, the catalysts indicated long-term stability. Comparison between synthesized catalysts and other methods proved its effectiveness.

Artemisia genus and its chemical constituents show antiviral activity against different viruses. The aim of this study was to review the effects of selected Artemisia species and their components against respiratory viruses like influenza and coronavirus.

All the articles published in English or Persian related to the effects of Artemisia and its components on viral respiratory infections and relevant mechanisms of action were searched throughout Medline, Science Direct, Scopus, Ebsco, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library Database from 1966 up to April 2020.

A few numbers of Artemisia species such as A. scoparia, A. rupestris, and A. annua and their components showed efficacy against the influenza virus and coronaviruses. Furthermore, some chemical compounds isolated from Artemisia species, like rupestonic acid, showed potent anti-influenza activity. The mechanism of antiviral activity was also determined for some of these compounds.

The present study summarized the efficacy of a number of Artemisia species and their components against respiratory viruses like influenza and coronavirus. Future studies on other Artemisia species may lead to the discovery of new antiviral drugs against the influenza virus and coronaviruses.

The purpose of this article was to present a brief review of pertinent information regarding the effects of microwave radiation on biological systems. Researchers have been intrigued by the interaction of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) and various life processes since the 18th century. Microwaves refer to the oscillation of an EMF with a wavelength of 1 mm to 1 m, which penetrates matter to varying degrees. With the widespread and ever-increasing use of microwaves, such as cellular telephones and other wireless technologies, great attention and research has been paid to the potential adverse biological effects. It is well recognized that microwaves affect the biological functions of living organisms at both the cellular and molecular levels, and can lead to the appearance of toxicity, genotoxicity and transformation. However, until now no satisfactory mechanism has been proposed to explain the biological effects of these fields. Therefore, increasing attention should be focused on the biological effects of microwaves in the future, especially since microwaves have extensive applications in various fields.

Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl. is a widely used plant in Iranian traditional medicine. It has long been used as an anxiolytic herb. The aim of this work was to investigate the anxiolytic and antidepressant properties of aqueous extract of aerial parts of Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl. in mice.

For evaluation of anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of the plant, different doses (500, 1000, 1200, and 1400mg/kg) of the extract were used in the mouse models of elevated plus maze (EPM) and forced swimming test (FST), respectively. The possible anxiolytic mechanism of the extract was determined by using pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) (10mg/kg), propranolol (0.2mg/kg), and atropine (0.5mg/ kg). Sedative effect of the extract was evaluated by ketamine sleeping time test, and rotarod was used to determine the effects of the extract on motor function. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).

The results showed that the percentage of time spent and number of entries is significantly increased (P < 0.05) with doses of 1000 and 1200mg/kg of the extract. PTZ but not propranolol or atropine reversed the effects of the extract (1000mg/kg) on EPM. Neither doses of the extract could decrease the immobility of the mice in FST (P >0.05). Motor coordination was impaired (all doses) by the plant.

This study confirms the anxiolytic properties of aqueous extract of S. lavandulifolia and suggests that its effects are mediated through GABAA receptors. The extract does not have sedative properties but the results are indicative of a coordination impairing potential of the extract

The new coronavirus outbreak caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus2 (SARS-CoV2) has resulted in more than 126750 deaths worldwide so far and billions of expenses for the governments. SARS-CoV2, similar to SARS, was transmitted from bats and spread via human to human closed contacts. The virus uses its spike protein to bind to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptors on target cells to replicate. Consequently, it spreads from infected cells to contaminate other cells. The body’s first response toward the virus is to activate the innate immune system, leading to the synthesis of inflammatory mediators. In the next step, the adaptive immune system appears where B lymphocytes produce antibodies specific for the virus, and CD8+ cells kill the infected cells directly. In this article, we try to explain the virus mechanism of action and immune response in detail. Although many questions remain unanswered, we expect this review could help in vaccine and treatment progression, Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV2; Mechanism; Review.

A totally implantable venous access port (TIVAP) plays a crucial role in the treatment of patients in oncology. Catheter fracture is a serious complication with an estimated incidence of 0, 1% - 1%. The objective of this systematic review is to analyze the mechanism of TIVAP fracture to make physicians aware of this fatal entity. A search of the literature between 1980 and 2019 was conducted using PubMed, Ovid, MEDLINE, and Cochrane Systematic Review databases. The search identified 18 case reports and 8 retrospective studies. Fracture of the middle part of the catheter may be induced by constant compression of the catheter between the first-rib and clavicle, which is called the pinch-off syndrome. Catheter fracture at the port-catheter junction may be caused by extrinsic compression near the port-catheter junction combined with material fatigue due to repeated bending of the catheter with shoulder movement. There is no specific cause for the fracture of a catheter tip. An annual chest X-ray is recommended for the early detection of TIVAP catheter fracture. Percutaneous endovascular retrieval of a dislodged Port-A catheter is both safe and effective.

Hyperuricemia is a risk for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, but the mechanism is ambiguous. Increased intestinal permeability is correlated with metabolic syndrome risk factors. Intestinal epithelial cells play a pivotal role in maintaining intestinal permeability. Uric acid is directly eliminated into intestinal lumen, however, the mechanism and effect of uric acid on intestinal epithelial cells is poorly explored. Here we carried out an analysis to identify the effect and mechanism of uric acid on intestinal epithelial cells. IEC-6 was exposed to different concentrations of uric acid to simulate the effect of uric acid on intestinal epithelial cells. Cell viability was determined by MTS assay. Protein content and mRNA were assessed using Western blotting and Q-PCR, respectively. Intracellular ROS was determined using flow-cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. Mitochondrial membrane potential was detected by immunofluorescence using a mitochondrial membrane potential assay kit with JC-1. Small interfering RNA transfection was used to suppress the expression of TLR4. We found soluble uric acid alone increased the release of ROS, depolarized the mitochondrial membrane potential, up-regulated TSPO, increased the expression of TLR4 and NLRP3, and then activated NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-κB signaling, which further resulted in lower expression of tight junction protein and exerted adverse effects on intestinal epithelial cells. Furthermore, the elevated IL-1β could be restored by silencing of TLR4, indicating soluble uric acid induces inflammation via the TLR4/NLRP3 pathway. Soluble uric acid exerted detrimental effect on intestinal epithelial cells through the TLR4/NLRP3 pathway.

Depleted uranium (DU) is an important by product in uranium enrichment process. Due toits applications in civilian and also military activity, DU emerged as environmental pollutant.The exposure to DU can occur via external or internal pathways. In external exposure, mainlybeta radiation from the decay products contributes to DU toxicity. Internal exposure to DUis more important and can occur through ingestion of DU-contaminated water and food andinhalation of DU aerosols. There is limited information about health effects and mechanism ofDU after environmental exposure. Kidney is reported as the main target organ for the chemicaltoxicity of this metal that was reported in Persian Gulf syndrome. Alterations in behavior,some neurologic adverse effects, immunotoxicity, embryo-toxicity and hepatotoxicity wereobserved in chronic exposure to DU. Also, the increased risk of cancer was revealed inepidemiological and experimental studies. Several mechanisms were suggested for DU toxicitysuch as oxidative stress, mitochondrial toxicity and inflammation. In fact, uranium like othertoxic heavy metals can induce oxidative damage and apoptosis via mitochondrial pathway andinflammatory response. In this review, we have discussed the kinetic of DU including sourceand exposure pathway. In addition, the health effects of DU and also its toxic mechanism havebeen highlighted.