Do the other nutrients except calcium and vitamin D prevent the incidence of osteoporosis?

Osteoporosis as a skeletal disorder characterize by compromised bone strength predisposing a person to an increased risk of fracture. All people should be encouraged to take efforts to prevent bone loss and fractures. Nutrition is one of several factors that can be modified to reduce osteoporosis risk. The purpose of this review article is assessment the role of the other nutrients the exception of calcium and vitamin D on bone health and prevention of osteoporosis.The search was undertaken in three databases (PubMed, google scholar and science direct) for publications from 2005 onwards using key words as follows. Initial searches yielded approximately 2467 results. After considering additional exclusion criteria, 33 clinical trial and meta- analysis papers remained.According to investigations, high intake of dietary protein increase bone resorption and calcium excretion and low protein intake can prevent calcium absorption and decrease strength and bone mass. Omega-3 supplementation also can decrease bone resorption and α-linleic acid (for men and women) and arashidonic acid (in men) and isoflavones can significantly diminish the risk of hip fracture. Adequate intake of some nutrients like zinc, vitamin A, boron and manganese in bone formation and copper, fluoride and strontium in bone mineralization have positive effects. However, high intake of vitamin A and fluoride result in hip fracture incretion. Vitamin K (in form of K2) along with calcium and vitamin D induce bone fracture decrease. If intake of phosphate, iron and sodium be more than the recommended values, they may present negative effects on bone mineralization.In conclusion, risk of osteoporosis incidence may be diminished with an adequate and balanced diet containing variety of foods to meet needs and a healthy lifestyle. Nutrition education and training the other preventive factors should be carrying out in childhood to achieve the peak bone mass in youth and aging.