Management approaches in dealing with destructed coral reefs ecosystems

Coral ecosystems after tropical forests are the most productive ecosystems on Earth and on the other hand، Coral reefs are sensitive ecosystems due to both natural and human disturbances. As a result، reconstruction and rehabilitation of degraded reefs is considered one of the major reef management approaches. In this study، we were interested in the management of coastal ecosystems، particularly coral reef ecosystems. Degraded coral reef rehabilitation techniques were divided into three groups such as prevention، mitigation and restoration approaches. This is to protect a coral ecosystem of what approach should be used، depends on targets، timescale for reduction، intensity of degradation of ecosystems and fund managers in protecting their ecosystems. Finally، it can be concluded that among different management approaches، a combination of biological and physical protection of coral reef ecosystems are more successful. In this integrated approach، the first step is the introduction of degraded ecosystems as protected area then by establishment of artificial reefs in the vicinity of damaged ecosystems to plant coral pieces and colonies on these grounds.