Research on the principles and techniques of ear, throat and nose surgery In traditional medicine of the Islamic period (From the third century to the twelfth century AH)

Surgery requires a lot of expertise, experience and precision among the various branches of traditional medicine in the Islamic period. The purpose of this study is to find the principles and techniques used by surgeons from the third to the twelfth century A.H. The research method is descriptive-comparative with sample analysis. The results indicate that some of the basic principles and techniques used at this period were accepted from the east to the west of the Islamic world. The surgeons of this period had a clear cognitive distinction of various diseases. Their main principles are precaution, diagnosis of recovery and surgical repair, preventing bleeding and suturing. Another basic principle of Islamic surgery is the need for a surgeon to fully understand the combination of drugs and herbs. Surgical techniques for the ear, throat and nose include: cauterize spot of the ear, cauterize nose, cauterize with medicines in the throat, split from top to bottom in the throat, splitting the width inside the throat, splitting the ear closure, restore root to nose, split with a secret rod technique, object treatment in the ear with split method, cutting technique by lifting method, cut off tonsils and tonsils. In all these stages, familiarity with a wide range of surgical instruments and techniques is very evident. It's cicatrix in the shape of a dot, nail and olive, various hooks, Surgical knife, hard head, drill hidden rod, tweezer, Moving rod, scissor, test url and plier. Also, the Islamic period surgeons for the removal of various objects in the ear and throat, Such as rocks or leeches and worms, used tools such as hooks and tweezers, nipples and pipes.