Introduction of the new methods for Gene Editing by endonucleases

Many genome editing tools introduces and successfully used to modify the genome of various organisms up to now. Genetic modification using enzymes is a powerful tool in biological research. So far, two generations of enzyme genomic editing tools have been introduced, (SSRs: Genome editing mediated by Site- Specific recombinases) and (SSNs: Genome editing mediated by Site- Specific Nucleases). The need for an application to modify the genome for the effective administration of a variety of genes in eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms, saving time and expenses, improving quality and increasing the quantity of agricultural products, Therapeutic applications, drug production, or secondary metabolites, understanding the function of genes and inter-gene relationships, all of this has made rapid evolution and progress of the genome editing tools. During the last decade, two types of genome-editing nucleases, TALEN and ZFN have been successfully used for editing and modifying plants. Recently, another new technique called CRISPR / cas9 has been discovered and is widely used for genomic editing in a wide range of species. Today, using the CRISPR / cas9 system and the programmable RNA, a huge revolution has been created in biological research and genetic engineering. In this article, we have introduced and discussed the genome editing based on engineered endonuclease.