ZOGLO: A Scheme of Zoning and Data Gathering for Lifetime Optimization in Wireless Sensor Networks

One of the main challenges of wireless sensor networks (WSNs), is unequal energy consumption of the nodes and early dead of the forwarder nodes around the base station because of the high load on these nodes. This matter causes a hole around the base station, thus, the communications between the alive nodes of the network and the base station are disrupted. In this paper, balancing the load and then energy consumption of the network nodes are followed. The aim is prolongation of the lifetime of all the nodes, particularly, the nodes around the base station to keep the communications between the network nodes and the base station until the end of lifetime of the nodes without any hole. To this purpose, a method for zoning the area of sensor networks is proposed. The distance of data transfer hop of each forwarder node is adjusted based on the amount of data to be transmitted by the forwarder. Hence, energy consumption of forwarders and thus their lifetimes are balanced. The proposed approach presents a solution for the challenge of short life of forwarders around the base station. Moreover, the dimensions of zones are calculated in such way that the communications between the sensors and the forwarder in each zone are performed in single hop manner. The approach balances the density of sensors of the created zones to uniform the coverage ratio in all the network area. The performance evaluations of the proposed scheme indicate that the scheme prolongs the lifetime of both forwarders and sensor nodes compared with the related works.