Comparison of Sociological and Systemic Approaches in Expressing the Relation of the Rational and the Social: With a Focus on Martin Kusch and Niklas Luhmann’s Theory

Philosophy and sociology are converging over common issues but in different ways. The project gives sociology a bit of abstraction and to philosophy concrete considerations only of kind of post-Hegelian historicism. For this purpose, the encounter of philosophical and sociological enlightenment is useful in the new system methodology. The way that challenges previous methodologies and based on systemic rationality and divides equally importance between the rational and social. This article describes and analyzes the collected data through the library study of the theories some prominent philosophical and sociological thinkers, in order to explain epistemic obstacles and to introduce sociological enlightenment and to evaluate Kusch’s sociologism that he has introduced interdependent entities both the rational and social. The assumption of systemic knowledge is also the limitation of human rationality and the overcoming of the kind of system rationality that says social realities require to internal knowledge, since with intensification of polycontextuality of the universe, pluralism become common in the domain of meaning. Then emancipation from the vertical perspective, for example the humanistic views and the critical rationalism, is unavoidable. This view divides the role of agent between man and society and introduces them correlative and co-event.