Application of Deviation Forms in Ahmad Shamloo's Poems

One of the most significant accomplishments in modern poetry is deviation from the standard language norms. Shamloo, one of the most prominent and intellectual contemporary poets, has used it widely as one of his tricks. Deviation is one of the most frequently-used terms in Russian formalists' theory. Yet, in some scientific contexts, terms like “defamiliarization” and "foregrounding" have also been used interchangeably. It should be however noted that although there are some common goals and similar usages, several noticeable differences exist and the differences give the deviation some unique characteristics. Normative language is a tool for communicating the message. In formalistic beliefs the level of deviation from standard language is an indicator of the literariness of the poem and gives it strength and beauty. Ahmad Shamloo has utilized the formalist teachings in his poems and has taken different forms of deviation. The present study attempts to investigate the deviation forms and categorize its symbols in the works by this great Persian literary figure.