predicting Depression based on social support and cognitive factors in orphan children

Family is the most important factor among many factors that can facilitate or prevent the development of a child’s personality. Optimal growth in children depends on supportive environmental stimuli and a strong relationship with the primary caregivers, such as parents. Abortive and deprived children are deprived of the educational, psychological, effective support of the parents, as well as the benefits of living in the family. Mental disorders are the fourth most important issue in the world and the biggest disability in the world is related to depression. Depression is associated with reduced energy and passion, feeling guilty, lack of concentration, low appetite, and thoughts related to death and suicide, along with changes in levels of an activity, cognitive abilities, speaking, sleeping, and other biological balances. At present, childhood depression is a well-known field. Social support reduces the negative effects of the many stresses that emerge from the environment and society and consequently have a direct and positive impact on quality of life. This issue illustrates the need for a model design that examines the pathway for predicting depression based on demographic factors and social support. It is approved that cognitive styles have a direct relationship with depression syndrome. Depressed people are often unaware of their mental patterns and their effects on mental health as well. Since irrational thoughts often play a key role in psychiatric disorders, these thoughts create emotions, such as depression and behavioral disorders that often require medical intervention. Therefore, considering that it was determined each of the components of the research is related to depression and whether the effect is prioritized or delayed, taking account of the aforementioned factors, the purpose of this research is to develop an appropriate fit model for explaining depression based on the demographic and social factors with the intermediate role of cognitive factors.

The present study was a fundamental and descriptive research of correlation type. The statistical population of this study consisted of all the children in Tehran’s welfare centers, which included 1120 children aged 7 to 12 years in 79 centers in 1396. The sample of this study was estimated to be 550 people according to the Kriegsi and Morgan tables. Also, using the Cochran formula, the sample size was estimated to be 534. The instruments used in the research include: Children Depression scale, attribution style of children’s questionnaire, Dysfunctional Attitude-Children Questionnaire, Children’s Cognitive Trivia Questionnaire, and Social Support Questionnaire. The questionnaires were used in accordance with ethical principles including the observance of the anonymity of the participants and the right to leave the research at each stage. Data were analyzed using regression coefficient and at the significance level of 0.05, using statistical software SPSS.

table 1. description the age indicatorGender    Frequency    Per.ferquency    Skewness    KurtosisBoy    9.10    1.70    0.47    0.95Girl    8.91    1.71    0.88    0.47Total    9.01    1.70    0.47    0.105First, a descriptive report was presented to examine the data. Based on table 1, it was found that in the research sample, the mean age of boys was 9.1 years and the mean age of girls was 8.91 years.Table 2. Summary of a simple linear regression model for prediction of DepressionVariable    Depression    R    R Square    Adjusted R square    F    Sig    β    t    Sig    VIF    Durbin -wasonSocial support    0.770    0.592    0.589    196.254    0.000    1.021    14.107    0.000    1.047    2.095Attribution styles  0.447    10.246    0.000    1.052    Dysfunctional Attitude  0.962    12.304    0.000    1.098    Cognitive triad   0.279    3.186    0.002    1.160    After using regression coefficient, according to Table 3, regression equation for prediction of depression based on cognitive factors and social support is significant at the level of 0.001, and the combination of social support and cognitive factors predict 77% of variance of depression. Also we found that social support (sig = 1/021/02) has been able to predict a meaningful depression. Thus, documentary styles (0.47 = 0.47, sig = 0/000), inefficient attitude (sig = 0.096, sig = 0/000) and cognitive triangle (= 0.279, β = 0.002 = sig) are also significant predictors of depression.

Since childhood is considered one of the most sensitive periods, family support and supporters are more important in reducing psychological harm, such as depression. In support of this explanation, Zanzonggi et al. (2001) study showed that children need more support than adults. On the other hand, the attribution of depressed people has a person’s face; that is, when something bad happens, they blame themselves; and when something good happens, they usually attribute it to a good accident (Beck, 1987; quoted by Cortina and Colleagues, 2016). Depressed people have a negative opinion about themselves, the world and the future. Accordingly, these negative cognitive definitions are the cause of depression (Prochaska and Norkras, 1999, translated by Seyyed Mohammadi, 1395). Therefore, his depressed person sees himself as a “loser”, “inappropriate”, and always imagines that he has earned the least amount and does not have a better suit than that. In fact, in this case, the depressed person treats or treats loss, or misunderstandings, or overestimates overly generalized meanings. In fact, these findings point to the fact that the cognitive system in children, though immature and although evolving, has the same overall effect on mental health as an adult. Therefore, we need to consider plans and protocols for raising the mental health of children and preventing the development of mood-related disorders, in which the cognitive system of children is specially addressed. Limitations of this research include the lack of causal explanation for correlations, the availability of a sampling method, which causes a disruption to the generalizability of the results. Also, this research was conducted exclusively on the children of the untroubled and careless children of Tehran, and therefore the results due to ethnic and cultural limitations, can hardly be generalized to the research community in other cities.Ethical considerationsWe would like to thank and sincerely thank all those who helped us in this research. This research project does not have any dependence on government and non-governmental organizations and organizations for funding. There is no conflict of interest between the authors of this article. All members of the study sample were present with complete consent and each member had complete freedom and impetus to exit the study at any stage. The principle of anonymity has also been observed for all members of the sample.