Historical-Theological Study in the Validity of Distinctive Theories in Explaining the Religion of the Ikhwan al- Safa

The identity and religion of Ikhwan -al Safa, which was a secret organization in the Islamic Middle Ages, is the subject of study by a large number of current scholars. Regarding the religion of Ikhwan- al-Safa, there are differences among scholars that have inevitably led them to different theories in explaining their religion. This article tries to evaluate the scientific validity of each prominent theories expressed in the explanation of the religion by descriptive-analytical method. In this article, while dealing with the identity of Ikhwan Al-Safa, the prominent theories that have been proposed by current scholars in explaining this religion, have been examined and criticized. Among the two theories of atheism and faith, the theory of atheism, was rejected and among the theories on their faith, the theories: Mu'tazilites, Ismailis, Imamis, Zaidis and Sufis were recognized as weak. However, the integrated theory, which seemed more appropriate, was recognized as an almost correct theory.