A Review on the Amount of the Household Night Water Consumption per Capita in Different Countries

Minimum Night Flow (MNF) analysis in District Metered Areas (DMAs) is the most important method for monitoring and estimating the leakage volume in Water Distribution Networks (WDNs). An estimation of night leakage in a DMA is calculated by deducting legitimate night consumption from MNF. Therefore, the amount of household night water consumption is a crucial parameter in determining the leakage level in WDNs. The household night water consumption may be different in various countries or even in different utilities within a country. Therefore, a precise estimation of household night water consumption and use appropriate techniques are required to determine the volume of physical losses using MNF analysis. The present paper provides a literature review on analysis methods for estimating household night water consumption in different countries, their estimated values, and the effective parameters on the per capita household night consumption. This review could be used by practitioners and researchers dealing with estimating leakage level in WDNs.