Models of Cultural Diplomacy in the World; Aggressive to Revolutionary, Elitist to Popular

Diplomacy has undergone a lot of expansion and divergence in today’s world and is, thus, referred to by different names such as public diplomacy, media diplomacy, cultural diplomacy, etc. diplomacy is the executive arm of a government’s foreign policy. The collection of sciences, arts, technics and methodologies that a player at the international level or a diplomat resorts to with regards to interaction with other international players and with the objective of ensuring his national interests is called diplomacy. The pivot of cultural diplomacy is culture and its objectives are followed by resorting to it as an instrument. By making use of the meta-study approach, the authors of this paper have endeavored to make a review of the models of cultural diplomacy adopted by a number of selected countries of the world. These models have been categorized into three areas: Western countries, Islamic countries, and major Asian powers. Western countries include the United States of America and France, Islamic countries include Saudi Arabia and Turkey, and the major Asian powers comprise Japan and India. Finally, the present study has resulted in designing such conceptual structures that can form the foreground for any typology for cultural diplomacy patterns. These conceptual structures include models of aggressive and non-aggressive cultural diplomacy, models of cultural diplomacy focused on academic elites, and cultural diplomacy focused on popular culture.