A review on nanobubbles: Methods of production, characterizations and computational studies

Nanobubbles are nano-scaled bubbles that can form on solid surfaces or in solution. Therefore, they have important applications in many physical, chemical, and biological processes. Understanding the fundamental properties of nanobubbles like stability, growth, and solubility can provide more applications for them. In recent years, many experimental and theoretical studies have been performed on nanobubbles. In this review article, different methods for producing nanobubbles and also about their applications, stability, lifetime have been presented from experimental and computational approaches, especially from molecular dynamics simulation approach.