A Jurisprudential Study of the Multiplicity of Agents in Performing Hajj on Behalf

The multiplicity of representation (niyabat) in Hajj is concerned in two forms of manūbʿanh (the one represented by the agent) and nāʾeb (agent). When there is one nāʾeb but many manūb ʿanhs, there are different forms in terms of the obligatory act. In Hajj al-mandūb and Umrah al-Mufradah, for a special reason, representation from several manūbʿanhs is permissible. In Hajj al-mandhur, there is a difference between when several people vow independently, where Hajj is void; and when they vow collectively, where Hajj is permissible. It is not permissible in Hajjat al-Islam and Hajj bil ifsad. In terms of status, the second or higher contract is void and the agent must refund the charge. However, for the case of a single manūbʿanh with different actions and several nāʾebs, it is permissible for all of them to do the representation. But if the actions of the manūbʿanh are the same, there is a difference between Hajj al-mandūb and Hajj al-Wājib (obligatory Hajj). In the former case, the representation by everyone is correct. In the later one, there are two promises: one is the validity of the representation and another one is the correctness of the actions provided that they end at the same time.