Potential Dietary Interventions for COVID‑19 Infection Based on the Gut‑Immune Axis: An Update Review on Bioactive Component of Macronutrients

Recently emerged coronavirus, known as SARS‑CoV‑2 or Covid‑19 is considered as a serious threat for human health. Due to unavailable specific drugs for this virus, there is an urgent need for supportive cares. Epigenetic immune boosting approaches and developing anti‑inflammatory agents by gut‑associated bioactive macronutrients can be plausible protective cares for COVID‑19. Suitable intake of bioactive macronutrients including prebiotics, fatty acids, proteins and branched‑chain amino acids may result in anti‑viral responses through modulating macrophages and dendritic cells via Toll‑like receptors, decreasing viral load, inactivating the enveloped viruses, increasing the anti‑inflammatory metabolites and inhibiting the proliferation of microbial organisms. Bioactive macronutrients may help in promotion of immunological responses and recovery acceleration against Covid‑19. This review focuses on the mechanisms of bioactive macronutrients and related clinical trials on enveloped viruses with emphasis on gut‑microbiome‑immune axis. Macronutrients and this axis may be conducive strategies to protect host against the viral infection.