Archaeological Research and Study of Fuqqāʿa Jar According to the Findings Discovered in Shahr-e Rey (Typology, Chronology, Production Process and Technology, etc.)

One of the common forms of pottery in the Islamic world is a pottery vessel called "Fuqqāʿa", which has many ambiguities in terms of form, technique, use, chronology and geographical scope. The present research has been conducted according to the data obtained from the archaeological excavation of Babak Street in the city of Rey, as well as the scattered Fuqqāʿa evidence and data from the previous excavations of Shahr-e Rey, especially the remains of the Fuqqāʿa kiln in district of Shahr-e Rey, as the only and the most important evidence of the existence of a Fuqqāʿa kiln in Iran. The careful study and identification of this pottery and its characteristics are among the most important objectives of this research. The current study seeks to answer several questions: 1- At what point in time did the Fuqqāʿa jar become popular in Iran and the Islamic world, and when did its use become obsolete? 2- What has been the exact use of this jar, and typologically, to how many categories is this type of jar divided? 3- Where is the origin of Fuqqāʿa jar based on the existing archaeological evidence? According to archeological evidence, the Fuqqāʿa jar has been popular since the first Islamic centuries until the end of the eighth century AH. this jar may have been applied for domestic uses. Its body decorations and the very narrow opening indicate the preservation of special materials in it. According to the form, shape and body decorations, Fuqqāʿa jar is divided into three types: the early Fuqqāʿa (from the early Islamic centuries to the end of the third century AH); the middle Fuqqāʿa ; and the later Fuqqāʿa (7th and the 8th centuries AH). archaeological excavations on Deilaman Street in Rey have revealed the architectural remains of two kilns that the existence of evidence such as Fuqqāʿa jars and furnace welding suggest the mass production of this type of jar in Rey region.