Analysis and Critique of Russell's Views on the Mind and Mental Perceptions from the Perspective of Mulla Sadra and Shahid Motahhari

As for the mind and body, Russell first acknowledges the existence of the universe, and, regardless of the sensory and visual data from objects on the mind, accepts the independent objectivity of the nature of things. But then, by considering this objectivity as non- factual and reducing it to what has given by senses and by the direct experience of the soul, interpreted the objective things differently and seek to bring the object and the mind closer together. Eventually, he reduced mental matters to the physical affairs, and accepts the union of e mind and the brain. Martyr Motahhari, on the other hand, by accepting the abstraction of the soul by reciting Sadr al-Muta'allehin, accepts the effortful unity of the soul, which includes the soul and the body, and rejects any interpretation of perception and memory based on physicalism. In his view, the body and its parts are the perceptual tools  that is performed by the soul. As a result, by adopting the foundations of Islamic philosophy, which were first expressed by Mulla Sadra and represented in Motahhari's works, one can critique Russell's physiological foundations in this regard.