Vaccination Patterns to Combat Protozoan and Worms Parasitic Diseases

Parasites as eukaryotic pathogens can cause severe, acute or chronic diseases in humans and animals need complex therapeutic processes and through their adverse effects may cause damage to public health and economy. Since there are some reports of resistance of parasites to certain chemical medications and in lack of proper treatment programs, vaccination can be used either as a supplement approach to medical treatments or a preventative measure for diseases. Due to various social, economic and scientific problems, or for reasons such as the complexity of approving, currently no effective vaccine against human parasitic diseases has been commercialized, but a number of veterinary medicine vaccines with different efficacy have been marketed. In line with food safety and security policies and in response to the global demand, vaccines with appropriate effectiveness have been introduced to the market in the fields of animal husbandry and aquaculture. However, the use of high-throughput technologies, such as next-generation sequencing and omics, has opened new perspectives and made it possible to identify target antigens and predict immunological reactions precisely, lead to more useful vaccines. In this article, we have reviewed produced or under investigation vaccines against some protozoan parasites and worms discussing different aspects of them.