Off-Flavors in Fish: A Review of Potential Development Mechanisms, Identification and Prevention Methods

Off-flavor, unpleasant and unacceptable tastes and odors, is a global problem in the fishery industries which causes many economic losses and health hazards. Off-flavors can be developed in the fish during the pre- or post-hunting phase. Pre-hunting off-flavors can be caused by environmental factors, feeding, and contaminants. However, post-hunting spoilage creates different off-flavors in the fish due to the growth of microorganisms, activity of enzymes, and oxidative processes. Identifying the sources of off-flavors can sometimes help the processors to perform corrective actions. Therefore, this study aims to discuss the different types of off-flavors, mechanisms, and effective compounds in their development. Further, the methods for identifying and reducing the off-flavors are introduced.