Metal-organic frameworks as templates for the synthesis of metal oxides composites; introduction and its applications

Human survival and growth are inseparable from energy and facing serious ultimatum and threats. With the rapid growth of the world's population and the development of the global economy, the energy demand is growing. This leads to unbalanced development of the environment, energy, and population. Currently, most renewable resources are stored and transmitted as electrical energy. Energy storage using an emerging technology that can improve energy usage efficiently and be environmentally friendly at the same time has attracted widespread attention from academics and policy-makers. Batteries and supercapacitors are complementary electrochemical energy storage systems and are the most promising technologies for storing electrical energy. Metal-organic frameworks (MOF) are among the newest materials introduced in the last two decades, with the possibility of energy storage and energy conversion usage. This study mainly introduces and reviews the applications of MOF-derived metal oxide composites in batteries (Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), Li-S, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), and lithium-oxygen batteries (LOBs)) and supercapacitors.