Genetic Footprints of Human Papilloma Virus in Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia

Ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) after melanoma and lymphoma is the third most common tumor. Including a wide range of ocular malignancy from mild form of epithelial abnormality to invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Overall, the lesions are different in size but mostly occur in specific tissue called limbus due to the structure of the eye ball, that is the most common area for sunlight exposing. Beside exposure to the sunlight and the UV radiation there are other risk factors and genetic co factors related to the OSSN including immune suppression under the infection to the Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or Human papilloma virus (HPV) and also mutation in specific genes regulating cell cycles. However, the exact relation between many of these factors and OSSN has not been revealed and need further researches in this area. In the epidemiology area the prevalence of the disorder is different among geographical context, whereas Africa is with the highest frequency because of major rate of HIV infectants and high level of exposure to the sunlight.Although surgical procedure is still the gold standard for OSSN treatment, despite that interest in finding the precise relation between risk factors and also efficient medical approaches in case of prevention, early detection and treatment is steadily growing.In this review we aimed to study OSSN from different views specially risk factors and a glimpse of genetic insights specially related to human viral genome. Later, categorizing the role of them to pave the way in answering different questions related to the OSSN among types of that. On the other hand, although there is no evidence for straight relation between p53 mutations in OSSN, here we tried to mention the separated pathway’s role in p53 malfunction or disabled in different process leading to cancers namely OSSN.