Identifying and analyzing the most important pedagogical challenges of primary school education in the e-learning environment with a meta-synthesis approach

The purpose of this research was to identify the most important pedagogical challenges of primary school education in the e-learning environment. In accordance with this aim, a qualitative research design of the meta-synthesis type was selected. Data were collected using Sandelowski & Barroso (2007)'s seven-stage model. For this purpose, after searching for articles in the databases (during the period 1399-1400 for the nationwide researches and 2020-2021 for the foreign researches), finally, out of 217 articles related to the field of this research, 39 articles that directly address the challenges of primary school education in the e-learning environment, were purposefully selected using the Critical Assessment Skills Program (CASP), and they were entered into the analysis phase. To analyze the data, the content was analyzed using the categorization method. To evaluate the validity and reliability of the findings, the researcher's self-review criteria and peer review method were used. Finally, in-depth analysis of the previous studies resulted in the representation of 11 main categories, 32 concepts and 242 related codes. Findings showed that the identified pedagogical challenges have included issues on the interaction, teachers, students, parents, teaching method, classroom management, monitoring and evaluation, homework and feedback, educational content, learning outcomes and educational resources. Finally, the results of meta-synthesis emphasized the need for rethinking and preparing appropriate educational mechanisms to reduce the effects of challenges and potential problems, and promoting the positive conditions, and some practical suggestions have been point out.