Phonological Norm-Deviation in Nizami's Works: Makhzan-al-Asrar, Khosrow o Shirin, Leyli o Majnun, and Haft Paykar

Among norm-deviationist poets, Nizami Ganjavi can be considered as a poet, who has used the method offoregroundingin hisspeech.In Nizami's works, metaphorical language compared to other literary techniqueshas been mostly utilized. Yet, we cannot overlook the other literary techniques in his works.Different norm deviations, such as melodic, grammatical, and lexical deviations are apparent in all Nizami's works.He has soartistically deviated from the standard language and attracted the reader to his poems using varieddefamiliarizations.He has not only used deviations as a means of stimulating the reader’s mind in his poems, but also as a way of controlling the Metresinthem.When examining norm-deviation in old works, it is necessary to consider the standard language of the poet at the time of writing his worksinceconsidering the contemporary language by the researcher results in errors. This important principle is regardedwhen investigating norm-deviation in Nizami's works.