A Review of the Completion of Commercial Documents in Iranian Law with a Comparative Approach in the 1930 and 1931 Geneva Conventions and the 1988 UNCITRAL Convention

Commercial documents, which are used as a means of payment in transactions and business affairs, have a formal character and it is very important to pay attention to their appearance. But sometimes it happens in the custom of transactions that these documents are incompletely submitted to the holder to complete it. In this study, we seek to investigate the possibility of completing a commercial document and its nature and effects in Iranian law and the 1930 and 1931 Geneva Conventions and the 1988 UNCITRAL Convention with a descriptive, analytical and comparative approach. The research findings show that documents that are issued incompletely, after completion, are subject to the rules governing commercial documents and the time of its issuance is when the holder "completes the contents of the document" and not the time of "signing and Surrender". The legal nature of this practice is that the agency has special effects on it. The signer of the incomplete document is liable to the holder of the document and cannot invoke the non-authorization of the complement in this regard. The completer is also liable to the next holder if he is one of the persons in charge of the commercial document, otherwise he is not liable to the holder just because he is a complement.