Biomarkers in Brain Traumatic Injury

The purpose of this review is to update the significance of existing biomarkers as well as new biomarkers that are emerging and can be clinically implemented in the near future. Due to the heterogeneity in the occurrence and diagnosis of TBI, in the last two decades, studies related to the acquisition of biomarkers for this major health challenge in the world have increased exponentially. Detection of various biomarkers, such as the molecules in cerebrospinal fluid and blood, as well as imaging approaches, have been widely evaluated.

In several studies, these biomarkers are used to measure the severity of brain damage, identify patients at higher risk for adverse outcomes, and predict the duration of recovery. Despite the significant progress in this field, each of the existing biomarkers has its own limitations, so many studies on new biomarkers such as microRNA, extracellular vesicles and neurometabolites are being conducted. As a result, updating the new findings of these biomarkers has great biological and clinical importance.