Studying the Deforming Tendencies of Antoine Berman and the Extent of Their Negativity in the Translation Methods of the Garces Methodology; A Case Study of the Translation of Zaqaq al-Mudaq

Some of the translation theories place more emphasis on the source language, such as Antoine Berman's theory, and some other theories, such as Garces's model, prioritize the target language. In the last decade, many researchers have used translation theories to study translation. But so far, no one has examined these theories and their effectiveness or accuracy and has not subjected them to a comparative study. This paper focuses on this part and examines the deforming tendencies of Antoine Berman in the translation methods of Garces, and studies the degree of negativity of these tendencies in Garces's translation methods practically. The present study first compares the two models and analyzes their commonalities and differences, and then enters the practical stage and examines the translation methods of Garces in the translation of Zoghagh Al-Madagh novel and examines them in terms of deforming tendencies. The article, with a descriptive and analytical approach, examines the translation of Mohammad Reza Murashipour of Najib Mahfouz's Novel. This study shows that although the two models are different in terms of basis, they are similar in the negativity of some translation methods, such as ennoblement, quantitative Impoverishment, and the destruction of rhythms. The difference between the two models can be seen in some translation methods, such as transposition, changes owing to socio-cultural differences, compensation, and adaptation which are positive according to Garces and negative according to Berman. Some translation methods that lead to deforming are transposition, modulation, and changes owing to socio-cultural differences, which leads to rationalization. Creative expansion leads to ennoblement, and variation in the use of rhetorical figures leads to qualitative impoverishment, etc. This research has come to the practical conclusion that Garces translation methods do not always lead to deforming tendencies, but if these methods cause significant changes in syntactic constructions or semantic changes, this change is considered distortion. On the other hand, some deforming tendencies can only be avoided if we turn to other tendencies. For example, it is possible to prevent Berman's qualitative impoverishment by turning to Garces's adaptation, which causes ennoblement and destruction of expressions and idioms, which are negative according to Berman.