Monkeypox Disease with a Focus on the 2022 Outbreak; a Narrative Review

Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease caused by a double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the genusOrthopoxvirus. Despitebeing endemic in Central and West Africa, the disease has received relatively little research attention until recent times.As the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to affect the world, the rising number of monkey-pox cases in non-endemic countries has further stoked global public health concerns about another pandemic. Unlikeprevious outbreaks outside Africa, most patients in the present outbreak had no history of travel to the endemic re-gions. The overwhelming majority of patients were initially identified amongst homosexual men, who had attendedlarge gatherings. Mutations in the coding regions of the viral genome may have resulted in fitness adaptation, enhance-ment of immune evasion mechanisms, and more efficient transmissibility of the 2022 monkeypox virus. Multiple factorssuch as diminished cross-protective herd immunity (cessation of smallpox vaccination), deforestation, civil war, refugeedisplacement, farming, enhanced global interconnectedness, and even climate change may facilitate the unexpectedemergence of the disease. In light of the increasing number of cases reported in the present outbreak, healthcare pro-fessionals should update their knowledge about monkeypox disease, including its diagnosis, prevention, and clinicalmanagement. Herein, we provide an overview of monkeypox, with a focus on the 2022 outbreak, to serve as a primer forclinical practitioners who may encounter the disease in their practice.