The compression effect of nutrition and chemicals agricultural poisons management on grows and grain yield of red bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars in farm conditions

On a global scale, the demand for agricultural products is increasing at the same time as the human population is growing. Low and middle income countries are struggling to deal with their food security challenges. from one side, Modern agriculture is being done with the aim of producing maximum crops to meet the needs of the world's growing population and without ensuring its effects on the environment. Conventional agricultural practices around the world depend on the extensive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. nowadays, in all cropping systems, reducing dependence on subsidized energy (fertilizers and chemical pesticides) is one of the main goals. Therefore, it is very important to use the best management practices of nutrients in diverse ecosystems and different production systems to increase food production and improve farm profitability along with improving the efficiency of natural resources. Sustainable cropping systems ensure the long-term performance of the products produced for the developing population now and in the future without compromising the biological and physical components of the environment in which the production is taking place. One of the most important tools to achieve this goal is the use of organic fertilizers of natural origin and effective microorganisms during the production of crops. As a result, it will be possible to maintain crop productivity and increase soil health in the long term only by increasing the share of organic resources and biological fertilizers in agricultural ecosystems. In several field researches, the beneficial role and efficiency of using mycorrhizal and rhizobium biofertilizers and biochar and vermicompost organic fertilizers in the production of legumes, especially Red beans, have been reported.

 This experiment was conducted as factorial layout based on a randomized complete block design with three replications during growing season of 2021 at the experimental field of beiranshahr city of Khorramabad in Lorestan Province, Iran (48° 29' E, 33° 40' N and 1657m above the sea level). Before conducting the experiment to determine the physical and chemical properties of soil samples were collected from 0-30 and 30-60 cm depth of soil. During this experiment effects of tow factors were studied: different cropping systems included (ecological, integrated, low input, medium input and high input) and different variety of red beans (Ofogh, Dadfar, Goli and Yaghot). Arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculum was used at the rate of 250 kg. ha-1. Inoculation with rhizobium inoculum in the shade. Rhizobium inoculum was added at the rate of 50 ml for each kilogram of seeds. Biochar was used at the rate of 10 tons per hectare and vermicompost at the rate of 15 tons per hectare. Seed yield (with 10-14% moisture) was measured. The number of stem diameter, number of branches per plant, plant height, number of leaves per plant, and number of pods per plant were determined by randomly selecting 10 plants (60 cm long) from each experimental unit and Chlorophyll content of the leaf was estimated by using chlorophyll meter SPAD-502 Plus, Konica Minolta.

The results showed that the main effect of cropping systems on the stem diameter, number of branches, plant height, number of leaves, chlorophyll content, number of pods, seed weight, biomass yield, seed yield and harvest index were significantly increased. The main effect of variety the number of branches, plant height, number of leaves, chlorophyll content, pod number, seed weight, biomass yield, seed yield and harvest index were significantly increased too. and the interaction effects of cropping systems and variety, the stem diameter, number of branches, plant height, number of leaves, chlorophyll content, number of pods, seed weight, biomass yield, seed yield and harvest index of red bean variety were significantly increased. The highest seed yield was obtained in Yaghot variety in high inpout cropping system (3054.30 kg/ha-1) and Yaghot variety in integrated cropping system (3007.33 kg/ha-1), both in the same statistical class. The grain yield in Yaqut cultivar increased by 27.56, 18.14 and 40.09 percent, respectively, compared to Ofogh, Dadfar and Goli cultivars in the high-input cropping system. And in the integrated cropping system, it showed an increase of 26.02, 13.25 and 16.50 percent, respectively.

Obtained results of this experiment showed that the integrated cropping system was able to bring the agricultural characteristics of red bean variety to the highest level in comparison with the ecological, low-input and medium-input cropping systems, in order to increase economic production, on par with the high-input cropping system. As a result, it is predicted that the results of this study can be useful for shaping new management methods to improve red bean crop production.