A Comparative Analysis of Gender Justice with an Approach to Promoting Women’s Empowerment in Utilizing Urban Space with an Emphasis on the Concept of the Glass Ceiling (A case of Qazvin)

City and urban space represent pervasive social phenomena, and the productivity and utility of urban spaces are crucial considerations in any study examining the daily lives of both men and women. The imperative for presence in space is universal, transcending gender, age, income level, occupation, and other factors. The presence of women in urban spaces, akin to men, stands as a paramount indicator of urban justice. Thus, this article employs a descriptive-analytical method and utilizes SPSS software for data analysis to assess the degree of gender justice in urban space. Additionally, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey tests are employed for the component grouping evaluation, involving the distribution of 368 Likert scale questionnaires across three areas of Qazvin. The questionnaire design implicitly considers the concept of the glass roof and urban space norms for women. The study results reveal that, in the regions of Qazvin, women's utilization of urban space is more pronounced compared to other areas. This disparity is attributed to the dominance of an active and dynamic urban space in this region, challenging the concept of the glass roof and showcasing increased presence of women.