Proinflammation and inflammatory cytokine gene expression changes in human macrophages infected by L. major

Leishmania Species produced diseases include clinical problems from cutaneous self-limiting to severe non-healing forms such as visceral leishmaniasis (VL). As an obligatory intracellular parasite these pathogens proliferate and survive inside macrophages in animals and human; while these cells as a major host immune cell destroy majority of disease producing agents. Because macrophages act as first line of innate immunity, produce several molecules when activated. Proinflammatory and inflammatory cytokines are produced by these cells through their activation, act as main coordinators of the immune system against pathogens and other harmful disease producing factors against the body. Through such a mechanism the immune response resolves the problem.  To play such a critical role many cells as monocytes, macrophages, DCs and others involved in T cell regulation to establish proper innate and adaptive immunity responses. Proinflammatory and inflammatory cytokines are produced in a network acting through many signal pathways. In this descriptive designed study, quality-controlled cDNA samples sequenced (RNA-seq) and mapped against a standard human genome version. Based on the results of this study, proinflammatory and inflammatory gene expressions were significantly upregulated. Upregulations of proinflammatory and inflammatory gene expressions early infection time might be indication for an early  innate immunity response.