The Migration of Russian Common Subjects to Astarabad and its Consequences (1910-1918 AD/ 1328-1336 AH)

Since 1332 AH (1914 AD), the migration of Russian subjects to northern Iran was the beginning of a new chapter in the relations between Iran and Russia. The main cause of this matter was the change in Russian immigration policy, which made it a political strategy for Russia. The Russian government planned to colonize these areas by settling immigrants in the northern parts of Iran, especially in Astarabad province, and gradually separate them from Iran. The immigrants who arrived in this area were composed of different groups who had their own reasons for migration. This article attempts to identify the composition of Russian immigrants in Iran and the reasons for their migration, the process of migration to Astarabad, and the response of Iranian authorities and local governors using a descriptive-analytical method based on archival and documentary sources. The results show that the immigrants were mainly Turkmen and Molokans who were encouraged by Russian statesmen through the promise of land. Consequently, their arrival in Astarabad led to the appropriation and seizure of the land, which in turn increased Russian power and influence in the area and left a deep cultural impact.