The Physical and Economic Development of Fustat from 256 to 564 A.H

This study aims to delve into the historical development and fluctuations in Fustat’s economic and urban growth during the Tulunid, Ikhshidid, and Fatimid dynasties. Situated in a geographically unique location, Fustat, outpaced Alexandria in terms of political-administrative standing, industrial growth, and trade prominence during the Umayyad era. With the establishment of the Abbasid dynasty, Fustat expanded northward and gained further importance in international trade. The findings of this study indicate that during the Tulunid rule, the newly established city of Al-Qaṭāʾiʿ merged with Fustat, becoming a major center for high-quality pottery production. During the Ikhshidid period and after the death of Muhammad ibn Tughj, Fustat's fortunes took a downturn, beset by natural calamities and neglect from Ikhshidid rulers. Nevertheless, under Fatimid rule in Egypt, Fustat witnessed a remarkable revival. This resurgence was propelled by a dramatic shift in trade routes as commerce redirected from Iraq and the Persian Gulf to Egypt and the Red Sea, while the ports of Alexandria and Aydhab became instrumental in fostering trade connections between Fustat, Europe, Yemen, and the Far East. Fustat played a crucial role as an intermediary hub between Ifrīqiyyah and the commercial centers of the Indian Ocean, and at the same time, it was vitally connected with the Levant through strategic ports such as Tyre, Latakia, and Ascalon. Moreover, the commercial prosperity of Fustat was greatly enhanced by the presence and settlement of Byzantine, Amalfitan, Venetian, and Pisan merchants. However, in the 6th century AH, Fustat faced a catastrophic setback when it was set ablaze, driven by fears of Crusader dominance, resulting in the loss of its privileged position in Egypt.