A comparative study of the issue of good and evil from the point of view of Ibn Sina, Leibniz and Spinoza

The evil debate is one of the most important and at the same time the oldest problems of theological and philosophical issues. This is how the existence of evil in the material world, and especially in human life, can be justified, given the infinite knowledge and power of God and His benevolence towards creatures and human beings.It is one of the issues that has always occupied the minds of philosophers and theologians. The conflict between these attributes and the existence of evil is so serious and deep that some philosophers and theologians have been forced to deny the existence of evil altogether and others to deny their existence.In this article ،the descriptiveanalytical method of the philosophy of evil entering the system of creation has been studied by Avesina Leibniz and Spinoza. According to Avesina, true evil is neither inherently in the system of jurisprudence nor in breadth. Relative evil, although it is inside the system of divine judgment and predestination, is transversely inside and not in essence.The existence of relative evil can also be justified by the good system and there is no inherent conflict between them. Leibniz fully accepts this view and explains that the existence of metaphysical evil in the good system is a necessity. Unlike moral and natural evils that are not necessary. But Spinoza, in contrast to these two, considers calling things good or evil a human thing and a function of desires , and believes that there is no good or evil in fact.